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  2. Trigonometric functions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions

    The y-axis ordinates of A, B and D are sin θ, tan θ and csc θ, respectively, while the x-axis abscissas of A, C and E are cos θ, cot θ and sec θ, respectively. Signs of trigonometric functions in each quadrant. Mnemonics like "all students take calculus" indicates when sine, cosine, and tangent are positive from quadrants I to IV. [8]

  3. Spherical coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_coordinate_system

    The azimuth angle θ appears to equal positive 90°, as rotated counterclockwise from the azimuth-reference xaxis; and the inclination φ appears to equal 30°, as rotated from the zenith–axis. (Note the 'full' rotation, or inclination, from the zenith–axis to the yaxis is 90°).

  4. Rotation of axes in two dimensions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_of_axes_in_two...

    A point P has coordinates (x, y) with respect to the original system and coordinates (x′, y′) with respect to the new system. [1] In the new coordinate system, the point P will appear to have been rotated in the opposite direction, that is, clockwise through the angle . A rotation of axes in more than two dimensions is defined similarly.

  5. List of common coordinate transformations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_coordinate...

    Let (x, y, z) be the standard Cartesian coordinates, and (ρ, θ, φ) the spherical coordinates, with θ the angle measured away from the +Z axis (as , see conventions in spherical coordinates). As φ has a range of 360° the same considerations as in polar (2 dimensional) coordinates apply whenever an arctangent of it is taken. θ has a range ...

  6. Polar coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_coordinate_system

    A quadratrix in the first quadrant (x, y) is a curve with y = ρ sin θ equal to the fraction of the quarter circle with radius r determined by the radius through the curve point. Since this fraction is 2 r θ π {\displaystyle {\frac {2r\theta }{\pi }}} , the curve is given by ρ ( θ ) = 2 r θ π sin ⁡ θ {\displaystyle \rho (\theta ...

  7. Sine and cosine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_and_cosine

    In mathematics, sine and cosine are trigonometric functions of an angle.The sine and cosine of an acute angle are defined in the context of a right triangle: for the specified angle, its sine is the ratio of the length of the side opposite that angle to the length of the longest side of the triangle (the hypotenuse), and the cosine is the ratio of the length of the adjacent leg to that of the ...

  8. Proofs of trigonometric identities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proofs_of_trigonometric...

    For example, the sine of angle θ is defined as being the length of the opposite side divided by the length of the hypotenuse. The six trigonometric functions are defined for every real number , except, for some of them, for angles that differ from 0 by a multiple of the right angle (90°).

  9. Vector fields in cylindrical and spherical coordinates

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_fields_in...

    Note: This page uses common physics notation for spherical coordinates, in which is the angle between the z axis and the radius vector connecting the origin to the point in question, while is the angle between the projection of the radius vector onto the x-y plane and the x axis. Several other definitions are in use, and so care must be taken ...