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An ANA test is considered positive if fluorescence is seen at a titre of 1:40/1:80. Higher titres are more clinically significant as low positives (≤1:160) are found in up to 20% of healthy individuals, especially the elderly. Only around 5% of the healthy population have ANA titres of 1:160 or higher. [8] [55]
A viral titer is the lowest concentration of a virus that still infects cells. To determine the titer, several dilutions are prepared, such as 10 −1, 10 −2, 10 −3, ... 10 −8. [1] The titer of a fat is the temperature, in degrees Celsius, at which it solidifies. [4] The higher the titer, the harder the fat.
The plaque reduction neutralization test is used to quantify the titer of neutralizing antibody for a virus. [1] [2] The serum sample or solution of antibody to be tested is diluted and mixed with a viral suspension. This is incubated to allow the antibody to react with the virus. This is poured over a confluent monolayer of host cells.
Exceptions are mainly those values that denote total blood concentration, and in this article they are: [3] All values in Hematology – red blood cells (except hemoglobin in plasma) All values in Hematology – white blood cells; Platelet count (Plt) A few values are for inside red blood cells only: Vitamin B 9 (folic acid/folate) in red blood ...
HEp-2 cells provide a greater ability to differentiate patterns of ANA than animal sections, due to the large nuclei and high mitotic rate of the cell line. Upon incubation with serum containing anti-dsDNA antibodies and fluorescent labelled secondary antibodies, homogeneous staining of interphase nuclei and condensed chromosomal staining of ...
p-ANCA is associated with several medical conditions: [3] It is fairly specific, but not sensitive for ulcerative colitis, so is not useful as a sole diagnostic test. [4] When measured together with anti-saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA), p-ANCA has been estimated to have a specificity of 97% and a sensitivity of 48% in differentiating patients with ulcerative colitis from normal ...
Immunofluorescence (IF) on ethanol-fixed neutrophils is used to detect ANCA, although formalin-fixed neutrophils may be used to help differentiate ANCA patterns. ANCA can be divided into four patterns when visualised by IF; cytoplasmic ANCA (c-ANCA), C-ANCA (atypical), perinuclear ANCA (p-ANCA) and atypical ANCA (a-ANCA), also known as x-ANCA. c-ANCA shows cytoplasmic granular fluorescence ...
A value of greater than 1.5 units relative to a control serum is considered a positive ELISA test for the anti-histone antibodies. Patients with drug-induced lupus erythematosus typically have positive tests for anti-histone antibodies but do not have indications for anti-dsDNA antibodies. Patients with idiopathic systemic lupus erythematosus ...