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24 PbO 2 → 2 Pb 12 O 19 + 5 O 2 Pb 12 O 19 → Pb 12 O 17 + O 2 2 Pb 12 O 17 → 8 Pb 3 O 4 + O 2 2 Pb 3 O 4 → 6 PbO + O 2. The stoichiometry of the end product can be controlled by changing the temperature – for example, in the above reaction, the first step occurs at 290 °C, second at 350 °C, third at 375 °C and fourth at 600 °C.
2 Pb(NO 3) 2 → 2 PbO + 4 NO 2 + O 2 PbCO 3 → PbO + CO 2. PbO is produced on a large scale as an intermediate product in refining raw lead ores into metallic lead. The usual lead ore is galena (lead(II) sulfide). At a temperature of around 1,000 °C (1,800 °F) the sulfide is converted to the oxide: [5] 2 PbS + 3 O 2 → 2 PbO + 2 SO 2
Lead sesquioxide, Pb 2 O 3, which is a lead (II,IV) oxide as well (lead(II) metaplumbate(IV) [Pb 2+][PbO 2− 3]), reddish yellow Pb 12 O 19 , monoclinic, dark-brown or black crystals The so-called black lead oxide , which is a mixture of PbO and fine-powdered Pb metal and used in the production of lead–acid batteries .
The alpha allotrope is red-colored and has the Pb–O distance of 230 pm; the beta allotrope is yellow-colored and has the Pb–O distance of 221 and 249 pm (due to asymmetry). [5] Thanks to the similarity, both allotropes can exist under standard conditions (beta with small (10 −5 relative) impurities, such as Si, Ge, Mo, etc.).
Lead(II,IV) oxide is prepared by calcination of lead(II) oxide (PbO; also called litharge) in air at about 450–480 °C: [5] 6 PbO + O 2 → 2 Pb 3 O 4. The resulting material is contaminated with PbO. If a pure compound is desired, PbO can be removed by a potassium hydroxide solution: PbO + KOH + H 2 O → K[Pb(OH) 3]
The fixed rate for a 15-year mortgage is 5.99%, down 1 basis point from last week's average 6.00%. These figures are lower than a year ago, when rates averaged 7.44% for a 30-year term and 6.76% ...
Lead (82 Pb) has four observationally stable isotopes: 204 Pb, 206 Pb, 207 Pb, 208 Pb. Lead-204 is entirely a primordial nuclide and is not a radiogenic nuclide.The three isotopes lead-206, lead-207, and lead-208 represent the ends of three decay chains: the uranium series (or radium series), the actinium series, and the thorium series, respectively; a fourth decay chain, the neptunium series ...
The ISM said its manufacturing PMI rose to a five-month high of 48.4 from 46.5 in October, which was the lowest level since July 2023. A PMI reading below 50 indicates contraction in the ...