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  2. Glycolysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis

    d -Glucose + 2 [NAD] + + 2 [ADP] + 2 [P] i 2 × Pyruvate 2 × + 2 [NADH] + 2 H + + 2 [ATP] + 2 H 2 O Glycolysis pathway overview The use of symbols in this equation makes it appear unbalanced with respect to oxygen atoms, hydrogen atoms, and charges. Atom balance is maintained by the two phosphate (P i) groups: Each exists in the form of a hydrogen phosphate anion, dissociating to contribute ...

  3. Carbohydrate metabolism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate_metabolism

    Glucose (blood sugar) is distributed to cells in the tissues, where it is broken down via cellular respiration, or stored as glycogen. [3] [4] In cellular (aerobic) respiration, glucose and oxygen are metabolized to release energy, with carbon dioxide and water as endproducts. [2] [4]

  4. PEP group translocation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEP_group_translocation

    The glucose PTS system in E. coli and B. subtilis. The pathway can be read from right to left, with glucose entering the cell and having a phosphate group transferred to it by EIIB. The mannose PTS in E. coli has the same overall structure as the B. subtilis glucose PTS, i.e. the IIABC domains are fused into one protein.

  5. Pentose phosphate pathway - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentose_phosphate_pathway

    While the pentose phosphate pathway does involve oxidation of glucose, its primary role is anabolic rather than catabolic. The pathway is especially important in red blood cells (erythrocytes). The reactions of the pathway were elucidated in the early 1950s by Bernard Horecker and co-workers. [2] [3]

  6. Metabolism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism

    Metabolism (/ m ə ˈ t æ b ə l ɪ z ə m /, from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.The three main functions of metabolism are: the conversion of the energy in food to energy available to run cellular processes; the conversion of food to building blocks of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and some carbohydrates; and the ...

  7. Glycocalyx - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycocalyx

    The glycocalyx (pl.: glycocalyces or glycocalyxes), also known as the pericellular matrix and cell coat, is a layer of glycoproteins and glycolipids which surround the cell membranes of bacteria, epithelial cells, and other cells. [1] Animal epithelial cells have a fuzz-like coating on the external surface of their plasma membranes.

  8. Glycosylation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosylation

    Glycosylation also plays a role in cell-to-cell adhesion (a mechanism employed by cells of the immune system) via sugar-binding proteins called lectins, which recognize specific carbohydrate moieties. [2] Glycosylation is an important parameter in the optimization of many glycoprotein-based drugs such as monoclonal antibodies. [6]

  9. Glyoxylate cycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyoxylate_cycle

    In microorganisms, the glyoxylate cycle allows cells to use two carbons (C2 compounds), such as acetate, to satisfy cellular carbon requirements when simple sugars such as glucose or fructose are not available. [2] The cycle is generally assumed to be absent in animals, with the exception of nematodes at the early stages of embryogenesis.