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Finding the real roots of a polynomial with real coefficients is a problem that has received much attention since the beginning of 19th century, and is still an active domain of research. Most root-finding algorithms can find some real roots, but cannot certify having found all the roots.
If two or more factors of a polynomial are identical, then the polynomial is a multiple of the square of this factor. The multiple factor is also a factor of the polynomial's derivative (with respect to any of the variables, if several). For univariate polynomials, multiple factors are equivalent to multiple roots (over a suitable extension field).
p is an integer factor of the constant term a 0, and; q is an integer factor of the leading coefficient a n. The rational root theorem is a special case (for a single linear factor) of Gauss's lemma on the factorization of polynomials. The integral root theorem is the special case of the rational root theorem when the leading coefficient is a n ...
Note: "lc" stands for the leading coefficient, the coefficient of the highest degree of the variable. This algorithm computes not only the greatest common divisor (the last non zero r i), but also all the subresultant polynomials: The remainder r i is the (deg(r i−1) − 1)-th subresultant polynomial.
In mathematics, a coefficient is a multiplicative factor in some term of a polynomial, a series, or any expression. For example, in the polynomial 7 x 2 − 3 x y + 1.5 + y , {\displaystyle 7x^{2}-3xy+1.5+y,} with variables x {\displaystyle x} and y {\displaystyle y} , the first two terms have the coefficients 7 and −3.
Divide the previously dropped/summed number by the leading coefficient of the divisor and place it on the row below (this doesn't need to be done if the leading coefficient is 1). In this case q 3 = a 7 b 4 {\displaystyle q_{3}={\dfrac {a_{7}}{b_{4}}}} , where the index 3 = 7 − 4 {\displaystyle 3=7-4} has been chosen by subtracting the index ...
Every polynomial with rational coefficients, may be factorized, in a unique way, as the product of a rational number and a polynomial with integer coefficients, which is primitive (that is, the greatest common divisor of the coefficients is 1), and has a positive leading coefficient (coefficient of the term of the highest degree). For example:
Deduce the candidate of zero of the polynomial from its leading coefficient and constant term . (See Rational Root Theorem .) Use the factor theorem to conclude that ( x − a ) {\displaystyle (x-a)} is a factor of f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} .