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The test can detect antipsychotic-like activity both in the case of dopamine D 2 receptor antagonists and in the case of drugs lacking D 2 receptor antagonism. [1] [2] [6] The occupancy of the D 2 receptor by antagonists of this receptor required to inhibit the CAR is around 65 to 80%, which is similar to the occupancy at which therapeutic antipsychotic effects occur in humans with these drugs.
Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research, and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals, such as model organisms, in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study. This approach can be contrasted with field studies in which animals are observed in ...
The Monkey Drug Trials experiment was influenced by preceding research discussing related topics. [2] Six notable research publications may be highlighted: “Factors regulating oral consumption of an opioid (etonitazene) by morphine-addicted rats”; [3] “Experimental morphine addiction: Method for automatic intravenous injections in unrestrained rats.”; [4] ”Morphine self ...
A radial arm maze allowing animals to choose between 8 variants (e.g. food) that would be placed at the end of each arm. A preference test is an experiment in which animals are allowed free access to multiple environments which differ in one or more ways. Various aspects of the animal's behaviour can be measured with respect to the alternative ...
For example, researchers have found that many rats and mice in laboratories are obese from excess food and minimal exercise which alters their physiology and drug metabolism. [31] Many laboratory animals, including mice and rats, are chronically stressed which can also negatively affect research outcomes and the ability to accurately ...
A bioassay is a biochemical test to estimate the potency of a sample compound. Usually this potency can only be measured relative to a standard compound. [3] [1] A typical bioassay involves a stimulus (ex. drugs) applied to a subject (ex. animals, tissues, plants).
Although there is no single ideal animal model of a human, for each problem of interest there is an animal upon which it can be most conveniently studied. For example, the study of spatial memory has benefitted greatly from experimentation and observation of food caching birds. [28] To study auditory learning and memory, songbirds can be used.
One of Pavlov’s dogs with a saliva-catch container and tube surgically implanted in its muzzle, Pavlov Museum, 2005. The history of animal testing goes back to the writings of the Ancient Greeks in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, with Aristotle (384–322 BCE) and Erasistratus (304–258 BCE) one of the first documented to perform experiments on nonhuman animals. [1]