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Carbon dioxide is soluble in water and is found in groundwater, lakes, ice caps, and seawater. It is a trace gas in Earth's atmosphere at 421 parts per million (ppm) [a], or about 0.042% (as of May 2022) having risen from pre-industrial levels of 280 ppm or about 0.028%.
The carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2 e or CO 2 eq or CO 2-e or CO 2-eq) can be calculated from the GWP. For any gas, it is the mass of CO 2 that would warm the earth as much as the mass of that gas. Thus it provides a common scale for measuring the climate effects of different gases. It is calculated as GWP times mass of the other gas.
Carbon dioxide liquid/vapor equilibrium thermodynamic data: Temp. °C P vap Vapor pressure kPa H liq Heat content liquid J/g H vap Heat content vapor J/g
To convert from the usual ppmv units to ppm mass (abbreviated as ppmm, or ppm(m)), multiply by the ratio of the molar mass of CO 2 to that of air, i.e. times 1.52 (44.01 divided by 28.96). The first reproducibly accurate measurements of atmospheric CO 2 were from flask sample measurements made by Dave Keeling at Caltech in the 1950s. [ 31 ]
As an example, given a concentration of 260 mg/m 3 at sea level, calculate the equivalent concentration at an altitude of 1,800 meters: C a = 260 × 0.9877 18 = 208 mg/m 3 at 1,800 meters altitude Standard conditions for gas volumes
Air pollutant concentrations expressed as mass per unit volume of atmospheric air (e.g., mg/m 3, μg/m 3, etc.) at sea level will decrease with increasing altitude. The concentration decrease is directly proportional to the pressure decrease with increasing altitude.
Carbon dioxide in air has a diffusion coefficient of 16 mm 2 /s, and in water its diffusion coefficient is 0.0016 mm 2 /s. [1] [2] ... M is the molar mass (g/mol),
The interest stems from that accurate measurements of the unit cell volume, atomic weight and mass density of a pure crystalline solid provide a direct determination of the Avogadro constant. [3] The CODATA recommended value for the molar volume of silicon is 1.205 883 199 (60) × 10 −5 m 3 ⋅mol −1, with a relative standard uncertainty of ...