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While Java arrays can only be indexed by 0-based integers, OptimJ arrays can be indexed by values of any type. Such arrays are typically called associative arrays or maps. In this example, the array age contains the age of persons, identified by their name:
So, PHP can have non-consecutively numerically indexed arrays. The keys have to be of integer (floating point numbers are truncated to integer) or string type, while values can be of arbitrary types, including other arrays and objects. The arrays are heterogeneous: a single array can have keys of different types.
For example, to perform an element by element sum of two arrays, a and b to produce a third c, it is only necessary to write c = a + b In addition to support for vectorized arithmetic and relational operations, these languages also vectorize common mathematical functions such as sine.
class name definition «inheriting from parentclass». «interfaces: interfaces.» method_and_field_declarations endclass. class name implementation. method_implementations endclass. interface name . members endinterface.
However, the compiler automatically transforms the code so that the list will "silently" receive objects, while the source code only mentions primitive values. For example, the programmer can now write list. add (3) and think as if the int 3 were added to the list; but, the compiler will have actually transformed the line into list. add (new ...
In object-oriented languages, string functions are often implemented as properties and methods of string objects. In functional and list-based languages a string is represented as a list (of character codes), therefore all list-manipulation procedures could be considered string functions.
In object-oriented programming, data-management tasks act on objects that combine scalar values into objects. For example, consider an address book entry that represents a single person along with zero or more phone numbers and zero or more addresses.
/* This class has two type variables, T and V. T must be a subtype of ArrayList and implement Formattable interface */ public class Mapper < T extends ArrayList & Formattable, V > {public void add (T array, V item) {// array has add method because it is an ArrayList subclass array. add (item);}}