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A circular segment (in green) is enclosed between a secant/chord (the dashed line) and the arc whose endpoints equal the chord's (the arc shown above the green area). In geometry , a circular segment or disk segment (symbol: ⌓ ) is a region of a disk [ 1 ] which is "cut off" from the rest of the disk by a straight line.
The distance (or perpendicular distance) from a point to a line is the shortest distance from a fixed point to any point on a fixed infinite line in Euclidean geometry. It is the length of the line segment which joins the point to the line and is perpendicular to the line. The formula for calculating it can be derived and expressed in several ways.
The area of a polygon can be calculated from individual quadrangles of the above type, from (analogously) individual triangle bounded by a segment of the polygon and two meridians, [15] by a line integral with Green's theorem, [16] or via an equal-area projection as commonly done in GIS.
The surface of the spherical segment (excluding the bases) is called spherical zone. Geometric parameters for spherical segment. If the radius of the sphere is called R , the radii of the spherical segment bases are a and b , and the height of the segment (the distance from one parallel plane to the other) called h , then the volume of the ...
Since it is straightforward to calculate the length of each linear segment (using the Pythagorean theorem in Euclidean space, for example), the total length of the approximation can be found by summation of the lengths of each linear segment; that approximation is known as the (cumulative) chordal distance. [1]
The curved surface area of the spherical segment bounded by two parallel disks is the difference of surface areas of their respective spherical caps. For a sphere of radius r {\displaystyle r} , and caps with heights h 1 {\displaystyle h_{1}} and h 2 {\displaystyle h_{2}} , the area is
Spherical coordinates (r, θ, φ) as commonly used: (ISO 80000-2:2019): radial distance r (slant distance to origin), polar angle θ (angle with respect to positive polar axis), and azimuthal angle φ (angle of rotation from the initial meridian plane). This is the convention followed in this article.
A diagram illustrating great-circle distance (drawn in red) between two points on a sphere, P and Q. Two antipodal points, u and v are also shown. The great-circle distance, orthodromic distance, or spherical distance is the distance between two points on a sphere, measured along the great-circle arc between them. This arc is the shortest path ...