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Chronic systemic inflammation (SI) is the result of release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from immune-related cells and the chronic activation of the innate immune system.It can contribute to the development or progression of certain conditions such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, autoimmune and neurodegenerative ...
In medicine, a biomarker is a measurable indicator of the severity or presence of some disease state. It may be defined as a "cellular, biochemical or molecular alteration in cells, tissues or fluids that can be measured and evaluated to indicate normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention."
The inflammasome was discovered by the team of Jürg Tschopp, at the University of Lausanne, in 2002. [17] [18] In 2002, it was first reported by Martinon et al. [17] that NLRP1 (NLR family PYD-containing 1) could assemble and oligomerize into a structure in vitro, which activated the caspase-1 cascade, thereby leading to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β and IL-18.
Inflammatory cytokines play a role in initiating the inflammatory response and to regulate the host defence against pathogens mediating the innate immune response. [4] Some inflammatory cytokines have additional roles such as acting as growth factors. [5] Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α also trigger pathological pain ...
Neutrophils migrate from blood vessels to the infected tissue via chemotaxis, where they remove pathogens through phagocytosis and degranulation Inflammation is a process by which the body's white blood cells and substances they produce protect us from infection with foreign organisms, such as bacteria and viruses. The (phagocytes) white blood ...
Therefore, the presence of IgM in the blood of the host is used to test for acute infection, whereas IgG indicates an infection sometime in the past. [8] Both types of antibodies are measured when tests for immunity are carried out. [9] Antibody testing has become widely available.
Arteritis is a vascular disorder characterized by inflammation of the walls of arteries, [1] usually as a result of infection or autoimmune responses. Arteritis, a complex disorder, is still not entirely understood. [2] Arteritis may be distinguished by its different types, based on the organ systems affected by the disease. [2]
Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are infections of blood caused by blood-borne pathogens. [1] The detection of microbes in the blood (most commonly accomplished by blood cultures [2]) is always abnormal. A bloodstream infection is different from sepsis, which is characterized by severe inflammatory or immune responses of the host organism to ...