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Circular convolution, also known as cyclic convolution, is a special case of periodic convolution, which is the convolution of two periodic functions that have the same period. Periodic convolution arises, for example, in the context of the discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT). In particular, the DTFT of the product of two discrete sequences ...
The premise behind the circular convolution approach on multidimensional signals is to develop a relation between the Convolution theorem and the Discrete Fourier transform (DFT) that can be used to calculate the convolution between two finite-extent, discrete-valued signals.
Rader's algorithm (1968), [1] named for Charles M. Rader of MIT Lincoln Laboratory, is a fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm that computes the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of prime sizes by re-expressing the DFT as a cyclic convolution (the other algorithm for FFTs of prime sizes, Bluestein's algorithm, also works by rewriting the DFT as a convolution).
The procedure is sometimes referred to as zero-padding, which is a particular implementation used in conjunction with the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm. The inefficiency of performing multiplications and additions with zero-valued "samples" is more than offset by the inherent efficiency of the FFT.
Suppose we zero-pad to a length M ≥ 2N–1. This means that a n is extended to an array A n of length M, where A n = a n for 0 ≤ n < N and A n = 0 otherwise—the usual meaning of "zero-padding". However, because of the b k–n term in the convolution, both positive and negative values of n are required for b n (noting that b –n = b n).
Therefore, the case < is often referred to as zero-padding. Spectral leakage, which increases as L {\displaystyle L} decreases, is detrimental to certain important performance metrics, such as resolution of multiple frequency components and the amount of noise measured by each DTFT sample.
However, in practice, this cannot be achieved, as real signals are always time-limited. So, to mimic the infinite behavior, prefixing the end of the symbol to the beginning makes the linear convolution of the channel appear as though it were circular convolution, and thus, preserve this property in the part of the symbol after the cyclic prefix.
It is therefore sufficient to compute the N-point circular (or cyclic) convolution of [] with [] in the region [1, N]. The subregion [ M + 1, L + M ] is appended to the output stream, and the other values are discarded .