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Hornbooks consist of a lesson sheet illustrating the letters of the alphabet, mounted on a paddle of wood, bone, leather, silver, lead alloy [9] or stone and protected by a thin sheet of translucent horn, [n 1] or mica, [n 2] held in place by narrow brass strips tacked through the horn to the paddle to protect the lesson sheet. [10]
The Coelbren y Beirdd (English: "Bards' lot") is a script created in the late eighteenth century by the Welsh antiquarian and literary forger Edward Williams, best known as Iolo Morganwg. [ 1 ] The script, an alphabet compared to that of Ancient Greek by Welsh writer Jane Williams , consisted of forty letters – twenty base letters, and a ...
Anglo-Saxon runes or Anglo-Frisian runes are runes that were used by the Anglo-Saxons and Medieval Frisians (collectively called Anglo-Frisians) as an alphabet in their native writing system, recording both Old English and Old Frisian (Old English: rūna, ᚱᚢᚾᚪ, "rune").
The solution devised was to add three special runes to represent the remaining numbers: (arlaug; Golden Number 17), (tvimadur or tvímaður; Golden Number 18), and (belgthor; Golden Number 19). In 1636, Ole Worm documented the Younger Futhark numeral system, including these three characters, in his Runir seu Danica literatura antiquissima ...
The scribal letter known as textur or textualis, produced by the strong gothic spirit of blackletter from the hands of German area scribes, served as the model for the first text types. Johannes Gutenberg, around 1450, invented a lead type mold, applied it to an alphabet of about 24 characters, and used known press technology to print ink on ...
William Beilby (1740 – 8 October 1819) [1] was an English glassworker known to have produced eminent enamelled glass during the later half of the 18th century. Beilby's father William senior was a goldsmith and jeweller in Durham. Beilby, along with his brothers Richard, Ralph and Thomas were sent to grammar school during their childhood.
This kind of desk was very popular in prosperous homes in Europe during the 18th century and slowly disappeared during the 19th, with the gradual introduction of stoves and central heating. In order to keep the feet and the calves exposed to the heat from the fire, the fire screen desk usually had the form of a miniature writing table or a tiny ...
The grille is placed on a gridded sheet and the letters are written in from top to bottom. Removing the grille, the grid is filled with random letters and numbers. Not all ciphers are used for communication with others: records and reminders may be kept in cipher for use of the author alone.