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The Calvin cycle, light-independent reactions, bio synthetic phase, dark reactions, or photosynthetic carbon reduction (PCR) cycle [1] of photosynthesis is a series of chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen-carrier compounds into glucose. The Calvin cycle is present in all photosynthetic eukaryotes and also many ...
Overview of the Calvin cycle and carbon fixation C3 Pathway. 2 H 2 O + 2 NADP + + 3 ADP + 3 P i + light → 2 NADPH + 2 H + + 3 ATP + O 2. The light-independent reactions undergo the Calvin-Benson cycle, in which the energy from NADPH and ATP is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds via the enzyme RuBisCO.
English: Overview of the Calvin cycle pathway. Original work by Mike Jones en:User:Adenosine. Also see C4 Carbon Fixation here. This image was copied from wikipedia:en. The original description was: Modified version of en:Image:Calvin-cycle2.png (moved to File:Overview_of_the_Calvin_Cycle.png) Balls represent atoms according to the following:
The carbon reduction cycle is known as the Calvin cycle, but many scientists refer to it as the Calvin-Benson, Benson-Calvin, or even Calvin-Benson-Bassham (or CBB) Cycle. Nobel Prize –winning scientist Rudolph A. Marcus was later able to discover the function and significance of the electron transport chain.
Calvin–Benson cycle. C 3 carbon fixation is the most common of three metabolic pathways for carbon fixation in photosynthesis, the other two being C 4 and CAM.This process converts carbon dioxide and ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP, a 5-carbon sugar) into two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate through the following reaction:
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Although this does allow a limited C 4 cycle to operate, it is relatively inefficient. Much leakage of CO 2 from around RuBisCO occurs. There is also evidence of inducible C 4 photosynthesis by non-kranz aquatic macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata under warm conditions, although the mechanism by which CO 2 leakage from around RuBisCO is minimised ...
Again, the same reaction occurs in the Calvin cycle but in the opposite direction. Moreover, in the Calvin cycle, this is the first reaction catalyzed by transketolase rather than the second. Transketolase connects the pentose phosphate pathway to glycolysis, feeding excess sugar phosphates into the main carbohydrate metabolic pathways in mammals.