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The channels are active during repolarization as well as during the atrial diastole phase when the current undergoes hyperpolarization. [14] Specifically, these channels are activated when Ca 2+ binds to calmodulin (CaM) because the N-lobe of CaM interacts with the channel's S4/S5 linker to induce conformational change. [ 15 ]
Voltage-gated sodium channels have two gating mechanisms, the activation mechanism that opens the channel with depolarization and the inactivation mechanism that closes the channel with repolarization. While the channel is in the inactive state, it will not open in response to depolarization. The period when the majority of sodium channels ...
This phase is the repolarization phase. This occurs due to the inactivation of L-type calcium channels (preventing the movement of Ca 2+ into the cell) and the activation of potassium channels, which allows the flow of K + out of the cell, making the membrane potential more negative. [17]
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During phase 3 (the "rapid repolarization" phase) of the action potential, the L-type Ca 2+ channels close, while the slow delayed rectifier (I Ks) K + channels remain open as more potassium leak channels open. This ensures a net outward positive current, corresponding to negative change in membrane potential, thus allowing more types of K ...
Obstructive sleep apnea or sleep apnea is defined as either cessation of breathing (apnea) for 10 seconds, or a decrease in normal breathing (hypopnea) with an associated desaturation in oxygen and arousal during sleep that lasts at least 10 seconds. In adults, it is typical to have up to 4.9 events per hour.
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