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  2. Hazen–Williams equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazen–Williams_equation

    The Hazen–Williams equation is an empirical relationship that relates the flow of water in a pipe with the physical properties of the pipe and the pressure drop caused by friction. It is used in the design of water pipe systems [ 1 ] such as fire sprinkler systems , [ 2 ] water supply networks , and irrigation systems.

  3. Invert level - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invert_level

    A pipe laser, or another vertical distance measuring device is most commonly used for this. Invert levels are important for the drainage of a non-pressured fluid pipe. Typically, a good design requires that the invert level of the pipe will be lower (or at least not higher) for each section of pipe before it reaches its final destination. [5]

  4. Manning formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manning_formula

    S is the stream slope or hydraulic gradient, the linear hydraulic head loss loss (dimension of L/L, units of m/m or ft/ft); it is the same as the channel bed slope when the water depth is constant. (S = h f /L). k is a conversion factor between SI and English units.

  5. Parshall flume - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parshall_flume

    For free flow, the equation to determine the flow rate is simply Q = CH a n where: Q is flowing rate (ft 3 /s) C is the free-flow coefficient for the flume (see Table 1 below) H a is the head at the primary point of measurement (ft) (See Figure 1 above) n varies with flume size (see Table 1 below) Parshall flume discharge table for free flow ...

  6. Drain-waste-vent system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drain-waste-vent_system

    A sewer pipe is normally at neutral air pressure compared to the surrounding atmosphere.When a column of waste water flows through a pipe, it compresses air ahead of it in the system, creating a positive pressure that must be released so it does not push back on the waste stream and downstream traps, slow drainage, and induce potential clogs.

  7. Drainage equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_equation

    A drainage equation is an equation describing the relation between depth and spacing of parallel subsurface drains, depth of the watertable, depth and hydraulic conductivity of the soils.

  8. Drainage gradient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_gradient

    Typically on straight road sections, the drainage gradient is at least 1–3% due to the normal cross slope of 1–3%. In curved sections the drainage gradient is higher, and may often reach 5–12% due to superelevated CS that may reach 5–8% in areas with icy roads and up to 12% in areas without icy roads.

  9. Drainage density - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_density

    At a higher slope, the erosion is faster and more efficiently funneled through fewer channels. [13] The smaller number of channels results in a smaller drainage density for the basin. A topographic map of the Caineville, Utah badlands generated using QGIS and GRASS GIS using the SRTM heightmap dataset obtained from the USGS