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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-delimited particles [1] that are naturally released from almost all types of cells but, unlike a cell, cannot replicate. EVs range in diameter from near the size of the smallest physically possible unilamellar liposome (around 20-30 nanometers) to as large as 10 microns or more, although the vast majority of EVs are smaller than 200 nm.
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles having a unique biogenesis pathway via multivesicular bodies. Exosome formation starts with the invagination of the multi-vesicular bodies (MVBs) or late endosomes to generate intraluminal vesicles (ILVs). [57] There are various proposed mechanisms for formation of MVBs, vesicle budding, and sorting.
Artificial vesicles can be engineered to deliver drugs within the cell, with specific applications within transdermal drug delivery. However, the skin proves to be a barrier to effective penetration and delivery of drug therapies. Thus, invasomes are a new generation of vesicle with added structural components to assist with skin penetration. [1]
Vesicles can also fuse with other organelles within the cell. A vesicle released from the cell is known as an extracellular vesicle. Vesicles perform a variety of functions. Because it is separated from the cytosol, the inside of the vesicle can be made to be different from the cytosolic environment. For this reason, vesicles are a basic tool ...
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are bilayer-bound lipid particles that participate in intercellular communication by releasing a variety of substances, including nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. [25] Exosomes, macrovesicles, and apoptotic bodies are the three primary forms; each has unique properties.
Drug delivery devices are specialized tools for the delivery of a drug or therapeutic agent via a specific route of administration. Such devices are used as part of one or more medical treatments . Contents
C) The bud pinches off leaving a free extracellular virion. (Photo provided by Dr. Matthew Gonda (Wikimedia Commons: Nov. 1998), National Cancer Institute Image ID: 2382) The release of viral particles, also known as viral budding , is a process by which free virions are released from within cells via the hijacking of host cell ESCRT machinery.
A similar approach can be exploited in the biodetoxification of drugs by injecting empty liposomes with a transmembrane pH gradient. In this case the vesicles act as sinks to scavenge the drug in the blood circulation and prevent its toxic effect. [25] Another strategy for liposome drug delivery is to target endocytosis events.