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The chemical equations below summarize the fermentation of sucrose (C 12 H 22 O 11) into ethanol (C 2 H 5 OH). Alcoholic fermentation converts one mole of glucose into two moles of ethanol and two moles of carbon dioxide, producing two moles of ATP in the process. C 6 H 12 O 6 + 2 ADP + 2 P i → 2 C 2 H 5 OH + 2 CO 2 + 2 ATP
World production of ethanol in 2006 was 51 gigalitres (1.3 × 10 10 US gal), with 69% of the world supply coming from Brazil and the U.S. [19] Brazilian ethanol is produced from sugarcane, which has relatively high yields (830% more fuel than the fossil fuels used to produce it) compared to some other energy crops. [102]
The Swiss company Butalco GmbH uses a special technology to modify yeasts in order to produce butanol instead of ethanol. Yeasts as production organisms for butanol have decisive advantages compared to bacteria. [13] Butanol combustion: C 4 H 9 OH + 6O 2 → 4CO 2 + 5H 2 O + heat Propanol combustion: 2C 3 H 7 OH + 9O 2 → 6 CO 2 + 8H 2 O + heat
The more popular methods for production of ethanol and cellulosic ethanol use enzymes that must be isolated first to be added to the biomass and thus convert the starch or cellulose into simple sugars, followed then by yeast fermentation into ethanol. This process does not need the addition of such enzymes as these microorganisms make their own.
The process may be likened to how yeast ferments sugars to produce ethanol for wine, beer, or fuel, but the organisms that carry out the ABE fermentation are strictly anaerobic (obligate anaerobes). The ABE fermentation produces solvents in a ratio of 3 parts acetone, 6 parts butanol to 1 part ethanol.
Corn ethanol is produced by ethanol fermentation and distillation. It is debatable whether the production and use of corn ethanol results in lower greenhouse gas emissions than gasoline. [1] [2] Approximately 45% of U.S. corn croplands are used for ethanol production. [3]
The main products of syngas fermentation include ethanol, butanol, acetic acid, butyric acid, and methane. [2] Certain industrial processes, such as petroleum refining, steel milling, and methods for producing carbon black, coke, ammonia, and methanol, discharge enormous amounts of waste gases containing mainly CO and H
Ethanol from coal is the ethanol produced using coal as its carbon source. The anaerobic bacterium Clostridium ljungdahlii produces ethanol and acetic acid from CO, CO 2, and H 2 in synthesis gas. Early studies with C. ljungdahlii showed that relatively high concentrations of ethanol were produced. This process involves three main steps:
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