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The pH scale is by far the most commonly used acidity function, and is ideal for dilute aqueous solutions. Other acidity functions have been proposed for different environments, most notably the Hammett acidity function , H 0 , [ 3 ] for superacid media and its modified version H − for superbasic media.
Bases are proton acceptors; a base will receive a hydrogen ion from water, H 2 O, and the remaining H + concentration in the solution determines pH. A weak base will have a higher H + concentration than a stronger base because it is less completely protonated than a stronger base and, therefore, more hydrogen ions remain in its solution.
The unified absolute pH scale is based on the absolute chemical potential of the proton, as defined by the Lewis acid–base theory. This scale is applicable to liquids, gases, and even solids. [23] The advantages of the unified absolute pH scale include consistency, accuracy, and applicability to a wide range of sample types.
Using soap helps dissolve many water-insoluble substances, like fats and oils, making them washable with water. In most cases, hard soaps or products based on them are used for handwashing because they exhibit an alkaline ( pH value above 7) nature and can irritate the skin when in contact with mucous membranes.
A handmade soap bar Two equivalent images of the chemical structure of sodium stearate, a typical ingredient found in bar soaps Emulsifying action of soap on oil. Soap is a salt of a fatty acid (sometimes other carboxylic acids) used for cleaning and lubricating products as well as other applications. [1]
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In chemistry, acid value (AV, acid number, neutralization number or acidity) is a number used to quantify the acidity of a given chemical substance.It is the quantity of base (usually potassium hydroxide (KOH)), expressed as milligrams of KOH required to neutralize the acidic constituents in 1 gram of a sample.
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