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Myrmicine ants produce their trail pheromones through their poison glands. [9] The major component in the trail pheromones secreted by Pristomyrex pungens is 6-n-pentyl-2-pyrone; several monoterpenes were also found in the secretion, but they provided only marginal effects when combined with the former. [10]
In 1921, the U.S. naturalist Charles William Beebe reported on the ant mill phenomenon, which trace pheromones can trigger in army ants: If the animals are separated from the main trail of the colony, the blind ants follow the pheromone trails of ants running in front of them. These run in large circles until complete exhaustion or death ...
For example, ants mark their paths with pheromones consisting of volatile hydrocarbons. Certain ants lay down an initial trail of pheromones as they return to the nest with food. This trail attracts other ants and serves as a guide. [21] As long as the food source remains available, visiting ants will continuously renew the pheromone trail.
Ant communication in most species involves pheromones, which is a method using chemical trails for other ants or insects to find and follow. [ 1 ] However, ants of some species can communicate without using pheromones or chemical trails in general.
Pharaoh ants utilize three types of pheromones. One is a long-lasting attractive chemical that is used to build a trail network. It remains detectable even if the ants do not use the trail for several days. Pharaoh ants cease activity at night and begin each day of work at around 8 am, yet parts of the trail network are identical each day. [11]
Several ant species even use "propaganda pheromones" to confuse enemy ants and make them fight among themselves. [91] Pheromones are produced by a wide range of structures including Dufour's glands, poison glands and glands on the hindgut, pygidium, rectum, sternum, and hind tibia. [70]
First, a single ant takes whatever crumb it finds back to its nest, but, in doing so, leaves behind a trail of pheromones that marks the path. Then, other ants follow suit, with more pheromones ...
Pheromones can be used instead of insecticides in orchards. Pest insects are attracted by sex pheromones, allowing farmers to evaluate pest levels, and if need be to provide sufficient pheromone to disrupt mating. Chemical communication in insects is social signalling between insects of the same or different species, using chemicals.
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