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Specific gravity is defined as the density of the mineral divided by the density of water at 4 °C and thus is a dimensionless quantity, identical in all unit systems. [87] It can be measured as the quotient of the mass of the sample and difference between the weight of the sample in air and its corresponding weight in water.
Clastic rocks are composed of fragments, or clasts, of pre-existing minerals and rock. A clast is a fragment of geological detritus , [ 1 ] chunks, and smaller grains of rock broken off other rocks by physical weathering . [ 2 ]
The proportion of silica in rocks and minerals is a major factor in determining their names and properties. [7] Rock outcrop along a mountain creek near Orosí, Costa Rica. Rocks are classified according to characteristics such as mineral and chemical composition, permeability, texture of the constituent particles, and particle size.
The metamorphic grade of such a rock is a rough measure of the degree of metamorphism it has undergone, as characterised by the presence of certain index minerals. An isograd is a theoretical surface comprising points all at the same metamorphic grade, and thus separates metamorphic zones whose rocks contain different index minerals. [1] [2] [3]
Slate – Metamorphic rock - A low grade metamorphic rock formed from shale or silts; Suevite – Rock consisting partly of melted material formed during an impact event – A rock formed by partial melting during a meteorite impact; Talc carbonate – A metamorphosed ultramafic rock with talc as an essential constituent; similar to a serpentinite
A metamorphic zone is the region between two such easily recognizable isograds. Often they are named for the most characteristic index mineral of the zone. Whether a certain index mineral occurs is also dependent on the composition of the rock itself. Many index minerals have complicated chemical compositions.
Pore fluid present between mineral grains is an important medium through which atoms are exchanged. [4] This permits recrystallization of existing minerals or crystallization of new minerals with different crystalline structures or chemical compositions (neocrystallization). [ 1 ]
Minerals are distinguished by various chemical and physical properties. Differences in chemical composition and crystal structure distinguish the various species. Within a mineral species there may be variation in physical properties or minor amounts of impurities that are recognized by mineralogists or wider society as a mineral variety.
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