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Damage "does not necessarily imply total loss of system functionality, but rather that the system is no longer operating in its optimal manner". [1] Damage to physical objects is "the progressive physical process by which they break", [2]: 1. and includes mechanical stress that weakens a structure, even if this is not visible. [2]: ix.
Historically, one of the best known nominal damage awards was the farthing that the jury awarded to James Whistler in his libel suit against John Ruskin. In the English jurisdiction, nominal damages are generally fixed at £5. [31] Many times a party that has been wronged but is not able to prove significant damages will sue for nominal damages.
Property damage (sometimes called damage to property), is the damage or destruction of real or tangible personal property, caused by negligence, willful destruction, or an act of nature. Destruction of property (sometimes called property destruction , or criminal damage in England and Wales ) is a sub-type of property damage that involves ...
The provenance of the legal theory underlying "consequential damages" is widely attributed to the 19th century English case of Hadley v.Baxendale, [7] in which a miller contracted for the purchase of a crankshaft for a steam engine at the mill.
L. M. Kachanov [5] and Y. N. Rabotnov [6] suggested the following evolution equations for the creep strain ε and a lumped damage state variable ω: ˙ = ˙ ˙ = ˙ where ˙ is the creep strain rate, ˙ is the creep-rate multiplier, is the applied stress, is the creep stress exponent of the material of interest, ˙ is the rate of damage accumulation, ˙ is the damage-rate multiplier, and is ...
"Collateral damage" is a term for any incidental and undesired death, injury or other damage inflicted, especially on civilians, as the result of an activity. Originally coined to describe military operations, [ 1 ] it is now also used in non-military contexts to refer to negative unintended consequences of an action.
Injury in animals is sometimes defined as mechanical damage to anatomical structure, [1] but it has a wider connotation of physical damage with any cause, including drowning, burns, and poisoning. [2] Such damage may result from attempted predation, territorial fights, falls, and abiotic factors. [2]
Statutory damages are a damage award in civil law, in which the amount awarded is stipulated within the statute rather than being calculated based on the degree of harm to the plaintiff. Lawmakers will provide for statutory damages for acts in which it is difficult to determine a precise value of the loss suffered by the victim.