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The chain-linked model or Kline model of innovation was introduced by mechanical engineer Stephen J. Kline in 1985, [1] and further described by Kline and economist Nathan Rosenberg in 1986. [2] The chain-linked model is an attempt to describe complexities in the innovation process. The model is regarded as Kline's most significant contribution ...
The most notable example of Maya astronomical observatories is Caracol, in Chichén Itzá. In 1975, archaeoastronomers Anthony F. Aveni and Horst Hartung surveyed the site and suggested that ancient Maya astronomers used the structure to observe the planet Venus. The Maya, as well as other Mesoamerican culture groups, used Venus to set times ...
Historian Thomas Hughes (1977) describes the features of Edison's method. In summary, they are: Hughes says, "In formulating problem-solving ideas, he was inventing; in developing inventions, his approach was akin to engineering; and in looking after financing and manufacturing and other post-invention and development activities, he was innovating."
Innovation is related to, but not the same as, invention: [4] innovation is more apt to involve the practical implementation of an invention (i.e. new / improved ability) to make a meaningful impact in a market or society, [5] and not all innovations require a new invention. [6] Technical innovation often manifests itself via the engineering ...
Productivity-improving technologies date back to antiquity, with rather slow progress until the late Middle Ages. Important examples of early to medieval European technology include the water wheel, the horse collar, the spinning wheel, the three-field system (after 1500 the four-field system—see crop rotation) and the blast furnace.
Wheel of Fortune‘s Teachers’ Week has turned into an unexpected English lesson. During the game show’s annual celebration of educators, several eagle-eyed viewers (as first noted by TV ...
A distinction is drawn between a discovery and an invention, as discussed for example by Bolesław Prus. [7] However, discoveries and inventions are inextricably related, in that discoveries lead to inventions, and inventions facilitate discoveries; and since the same phenomenon of multiplicity occurs in relation to both discoveries and ...
Original model of three phases of the process of technological change: Invention is followed by Innovation, which is followed by Diffusion. The Linear Model of Innovation was an early model designed to understand the relationship of science and technology that begins with basic research that flows into applied research, development and diffusion [1]