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Photosynthesis (/ ˌfoʊtəˈsɪnθəsɪs / FOH-tə-SINTH-ə-sis) [ 1 ] is a system of biological processes by which photosynthetic organisms, such as most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, convert light energy, typically from sunlight, into the chemical energy necessary to fuel their metabolism.
Photorespiration (also known as the oxidative photosynthetic carbon cycle or C2 cycle) refers to a process in plant metabolism where the enzyme RuBisCO oxygenates RuBP, wasting some of the energy produced by photosynthesis. The desired reaction is the addition of carbon dioxide to RuBP (carboxylation), a key step in the Calvin–Benson cycle ...
Calvin cycle step 1 (black circles represent carbon atoms) Calvin cycle steps 2 and 3 combined. The enzyme RuBisCO catalyses the carboxylation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate, RuBP, a 5-carbon compound, by carbon dioxide (a total of 6 carbons) in a two-step reaction. [6] The product of the first step is enediol-enzyme complex that can capture CO 2 ...
Ecosystems return this carbon through animal respiration, and plant respiration. [4] This constant cycle of carbon through the system is not the only element being transferred. In animal and plant respiration these living beings take in glucose and oxygen while emitting energy, carbon dioxide, and water as waste.
Although cellular respiration is technically a combustion reaction, it is an unusual one because of the slow, controlled release of energy from the series of reactions. Nutrients that are commonly used by animal and plant cells in respiration include sugar, amino acids and fatty acids, and the most common oxidizing agent is molecular oxygen (O 2).
The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle – or citric acid cycle – is an important step in cellular respiration. In the TCA cycle, a six carbon sugar is oxidized. [1] This oxidation produces the CO 2 and H 2 O from the sugar. Plants, fungi, animals and bacteria all use this cycle to convert organic compounds to energy.
C 3 carbon fixation occurs in all plants as the first step of the Calvin–Benson cycle. (In C 4 and CAM plants, carbon dioxide is drawn out of malate and into this reaction rather than directly from the air.) Cross section of a C 3 plant, specifically of an Arabidopsis thaliana leaf. Vascular bundles shown. Drawing based on microscopic images ...
ATP synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) using adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (P i). ATP synthase is a molecular machine. The overall reaction catalyzed by ATP synthase is: ADP + P i + 2H +out ⇌ ATP + H 2 O + 2H +in.
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