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Fluorine. cubic. Fluorine is a chemical element; it has symbol F and atomic number 9. It is the lightest halogen [note 1] and exists at standard conditions as pale yellow diatomic gas. Fluorine is extremely reactive as it reacts with all other elements except for the light inert gases.
Fluorine is a relatively new element in human applications. In ancient times, only minor uses of fluorine-containing minerals existed. The industrial use of fluorite, fluorine's source mineral, was first described by early scientist Georgius Agricola in the 16th century, in the context of smelting. The name "fluorite" (and later "fluorine ...
Fluorite (CaF 2), also called fluorspar, is the main source of commercial fluorine. Fluorite is a colorful mineral associated with hydrothermal deposits. It is common and found worldwide. China supplies more than half of the world's demand and Mexico is the second-largest producer in the world. [citation needed] The United States produced most ...
Isotopes of fluorine (9F) ). Only fluorine-19 is stable and naturally occurring in more than trace quantities; therefore, fluorine is a monoisotopic and mononuclidic element. ; it has a half-life of 109.734 (8) min. All other fluorine isotopes have half-lives of less than a minute, and most of those less than a second.
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references. Fluoride (/ ˈflʊəraɪd, ˈflɔːr -/) [3] is an inorganic, monatomic anion of fluorine, with the chemical formula F−. (also written [F]−. ), whose salts are typically white or colorless.
Fluorine forms compounds with all elements except neon and helium. In particular, it forms binary compounds , named fluorides , with all said elements except argon . All of the elements up to einsteinium , element 99, have been checked except for astatine and francium , [ 24 ] and fluorine is also known to form compounds with mendelevium ...
Fluorine biology is also relevant to a number of cutting-edge technologies. PFCs (perfluorocarbons) are capable of holding enough oxygen to support human liquid breathing. Organofluorine in the form of its radioisotope 18 F is also at the heart of a modern medical imaging technique known as positron emission tomography (PET).
The discoveries of the 118 chemical elements known to exist as of 2024 are presented here in chronological order. The elements are listed generally in the order in which each was first defined as the pure element, as the exact date of discovery of most elements cannot be accurately determined. There are plans to synthesize more elements, and it ...