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Facultative waste stabilization ponds, sometimes referred to as lagoons or ponds, are frequently used to treat municipal and industrial wastewater in the United States.
Facultative lagoons are a type of waste stabilization pond used for biological treatment of industrial and domestic wastewater. Sewage or organic waste from food or fiber processing may be catabolized in a system of constructed ponds where adequate space is available to provide an average waste retention time exceeding a month.
The most often used ponds in domestic wastewater treatment are the stabilization pond and facultative lagoon. The stabilization pond is designed to be aerobic throughout its depth and the facultative lagoon will be anaerobic at the bottom and aerobic at the top.
This detailed manual assists operators of small wastewater lagoon systems diagnose and troubleshoot the causes of a system's noncompliance, optimize system performance, and attain compliance with their NPDES permit. Troubleshooting Manual for Small, Facultative, Partial-Mix Aerated, and Complete-Mix Aerated Wastewater Lagoons (pdf) (1.57 MB)
For the most effective treatment, WSPs should be linked in a series of three or more with effluent being transferred from the anaerobic pond to the facultative pond and, finally, to the aerobic pond. The anaerobic pond is the primary treatment stage and reduces the organic load in the wastewater.
Anaerobic lagoons are followed by aerobic or facultative lagoons to provide required treatment. The anaerobic lagoon is usually preceded by a bar screen and can have a Parshall flume with a flow recorder to determine the inflow to the lagoon.
facultative ponds will be needed for BOD removal when the effluent is to be used for restricted crop irrigation and fish pond fertilization, as well as when weak sewage is to be treated prior to its discharge to surface waters.
Facultative lagoons have an anaerobic bottom layer, a facultative middle layer, and an aerobic top layer. Many facultative lagoons have secondary treatment processes to meet new, more stringent requirements.
A lagoon, also called a stabilization pond, can be an option for advanced pretreatment of wastewater or for final treatment and dispersal of wastewater. They are generally preceded by a septic tank that removes large solids.
Over 4,500 of these facilities are discharging lagoon wastewater systems that do not rely on more advanced supplemental technology; this is about one-quarter of the nation’s Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWs) regulated by the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination Systems (NPDES) program.