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Earth system science (ESS) is the application of systems science to the Earth. [1][2][3][4] In particular, it considers interactions and 'feedbacks', through material and energy fluxes, between the Earth's sub-systems' cycles, processes and "spheres"— atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, [5] geosphere, pedosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, [6 ...
4 Children for Sale is a photograph that depicts a mother, Lucille Chalifoux, hiding her head as her four children sit unwittingly beneath a sign that offers all of them for sale. [2] The photo was first published by the Vidette-Messenger of Valparaiso, Indiana on August 5, 1948 and was circulated widely during the following week.
Earth is rounded into an ellipsoid with a circumference of about 40,000 km. It is the densest planet in the Solar System. Of the four rocky planets, it is the largest and most massive. Earth is about eight light-minutes away from the Sun and orbits it, taking a year (about 365.25 days) to complete one revolution.
The atmosphere envelops the earth and extends hundreds of kilometres from the surface. It consists mostly of inert nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%) and argon (0.9%). [4] Some trace gases in the atmosphere, such as water vapour and carbon dioxide, are the gases most important for the workings of the climate system, as they are greenhouse gases which allow visible light from the Sun to penetrate to ...
The High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) is a University of Alaska Fairbanks program which researches the ionosphere – the highest, ionized part of Earth's atmosphere. The most prominent instrument at HAARP is the Ionospheric Research Instrument (IRI), a high-power radio frequency transmitter facility operating in the high ...
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Systems geology can be seen as an integral part of the science of earth systems, "encompassing all components of the Earth system – air, life, rock and water – to gain a new and more comprehensive understanding of the world as we know it". [ 4] Much of the background was set out in Solid-Earth Science and Society in 1993. [ 5]
Physical system. A physical system is a collection of physical objects under study. [1] The collection differs from a set: all the objects must coexist and have some physical relationship. [2] In other words, it is a portion of the physical universe chosen for analysis. Everything outside the system is known as the environment, which is ignored ...