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This article describes the mathematics of the Standard Model of particle physics, a gauge quantum field theory containing the internal symmetries of the unitary product group SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1). The theory is commonly viewed as describing the fundamental set of particles – the leptons, quarks, gauge bosons and the Higgs boson.
The development of the Standard Model was driven by theoretical and experimental particle physicists alike. The Standard Model is a paradigm of a quantum field theory for theorists, exhibiting a wide range of phenomena, including spontaneous symmetry breaking, anomalies, and non-perturbative behavior.
A discrete model treats objects as discrete, such as the particles in a molecular model or the states in a statistical model; while a continuous model represents the objects in a continuous manner, such as the velocity field of fluid in pipe flows, temperatures and stresses in a solid, and electric field that applies continuously over the ...
In the Standard Model, however, the weak, strong and electromagnetic gauge couplings fail to unify at high energy. In particular, the renormalization group evolution of the three gauge coupling constants of the Standard Model is somewhat sensitive to the present particle content of the theory. These coupling constants do not quite meet together ...
Standard Model (mathematical formulation) – Mathematics of a particle physics model; Superfluid vacuum theory – Theory of fundamental physics (SVT) The Theory of Everything – 2014 biographical film of the life of Stephen Hawking
The Standard Solar Model of solar astrophysics; The Lambda-CDM model, the standard model of big bang cosmology; Standard model (cryptography) Intended interpretation of a syntactical system, called standard model in mathematical logic; The standard models of set theory; The Standard Model (Exhibition) held in Stockholm, 2009
Examples of the use of groups in physics include the Standard Model, gauge theory, the Lorentz group, and the Poincaré group. Group theory can be used to resolve the incompleteness of the statistical interpretations of mechanics developed by Willard Gibbs , relating to the summing of an infinite number of probabilities to yield a meaningful ...
A standard model M that satisfies the additional transitivity condition that x ∈ y ∈ M implies x ∈ M is a standard transitive model (or simply a transitive model). Usually, when one talks about a model M of set theory, it is assumed that M is a set model, i.e. the domain of M is a set in V.
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