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The carbonate ion is the simplest oxocarbon anion. It consists of one carbon atom surrounded by three oxygen atoms, in a trigonal planar arrangement, with D 3h molecular symmetry. It has a molecular mass of 60.01 g/mol and carries a total formal charge of −2.
They have the structure – O[(C=O)–O] n – and the molecular formula [C n O 2n+1] 2–. Whereas the carbonate dianion itself is well known, as found in many salts, many organic compounds containing esters of it have been made, and the parent carbonic acid is also well-known, higher homologs are substantially less stable.
The molecule rapidly converts to water and carbon dioxide in the presence of water. However, in the absence of water, it is quite stable at room temperature . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The interconversion of carbon dioxide and carbonic acid is related to the breathing cycle of animals and the acidification of natural waters .
The bicarbonate ion (hydrogencarbonate ion) is an anion with the empirical formula HCO − 3 and a molecular mass of 61.01 daltons; it consists of one central carbon atom surrounded by three oxygen atoms in a trigonal planar arrangement, with a hydrogen atom attached to one of the oxygens.
Carbonate esters have planar OC(OC) 2 cores, which confer rigidity. The unique O=C bond is short (1.173 Å in the depicted example), while the C-O bonds are more ether-like (the bond distances of 1.326 Å for the example depicted). Polycarbonates received their name because they are polymers containing carbonate groups (−O−(C=O
This acid-base reaction has been examined mainly for unimolecular complexes. Such reactions are molecular versions of the familiar reaction of acids with carbonate minerals. Protonation of carbonato complexes gives the corresponding bicarbonate. The structure of bicarbonate complex indicates that protonation occurs at the coordinated oxygen. [8]
Crystal structure of calcite. Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula Ca CO 3.It is a common substance found in rocks as the minerals calcite and aragonite, most notably in chalk and limestone, eggshells, gastropod shells, shellfish skeletons and pearls.
Aragonite is a carbonate mineral and one of the three most common naturally occurring crystal forms of calcium carbonate (Ca CO 3), the others being calcite and vaterite. It is formed by biological and physical processes, including precipitation from marine and freshwater environments. Aragonite crystal structure