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Soman (or GD, EA 1210, Zoman, PFMP, A-255, systematic name: O-pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate) [1] is an extremely toxic chemical substance. It is a nerve agent , interfering with normal functioning of the mammalian nervous system by inhibiting the enzyme cholinesterase .
It possesses such lethal or incapacitating toxicity as well as other properties that would enable it to be used as a chemical weapon; It may be used as a precursor in the final single technological stage of production of a toxic chemical listed in Schedule 1, regardless of whether this stage takes place in facilities, in munitions or elsewhere;
The toxicity did not escape military notice and some of the more toxic materials had been sent to Porton Down for evaluation. After the evaluation was complete, several members of this class of compounds became a new group of nerve agents, the V agents (depending on the source, the V stands for Victory, Venomous, or Viscous).
Neurotoxicity is a form of toxicity in which a biological, chemical, or physical agent produces an adverse effect on the structure or function of the central and/or peripheral nervous system. [1] It occurs when exposure to a substance – specifically, a neurotoxin or neurotoxicant – alters the normal activity of the nervous system in such a ...
Increasing the dose of galantamine from 5 to 8 mg/kg decreased the dose of atropine needed to protect experimental animals from the toxicity of soman in dosages 1.5 times the LD50 (lethal dose in half the animals studied). [38] There have been differing claims about the persistence of Novichok and binary precursors in the environment.
Methylphosphonyl difluoride (DF), also known as EA-1251 [2] or difluoro, [3] is a chemical weapon precursor. Its chemical formula is CH 3 POF 2.It is a Schedule 1 substance under the Chemical Weapons Convention.
The toxicity of sarin in humans is largely based on calculations from studies with animals. The lethal concentration of sarin in air is approximately 28–35 mg per cubic meter per minute for a two-minute exposure time by a healthy adult breathing normally (exchanging 15 liters of air per minute, lower 28 mg/m 3 value is for general population ...
Ammonia toxicity is often seen through two routes of administration, either through consumption or through endogenous ailments such as liver failure. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] One notable case in which ammonia toxicity is common is in response to cirrhosis of the liver which results in hepatic encephalopathy , and can result in cerebral edema (Haussinger ...