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A numeric character reference refers to a character by its Universal Character Set/Unicode code point, and a character entity reference refers to a character by a predefined name. A numeric character reference uses the format &#nnnn; or &#xhhhh; where nnnn is the code point in decimal form, and hhhh is the code point in hexadecimal form.
Character references that are based on the referenced character's UCS or Unicode code point are called numeric character references. In HTML 4 and in all versions of XHTML and XML, the code point can be expressed either as a decimal (base 10) number or as a hexadecimal (base 16) number. The syntax is as follows:
A "character" may use any number of Unicode code points. [21] For instance an emoji flag character takes 8 bytes, since it is "constructed from a pair of Unicode scalar values" [22] (and those values are outside the BMP and require 4 bytes each). UTF-16 in no way assists in "counting characters" or in "measuring the width of a string".
Module:Unicode data/age: 'Age' of a character, that is: version introduction number. Module:Unicode data/aliases: the formal name aliases for characters (from NameAliases.txt) Module:Unicode data/blocks: the list of Unicode blocks (from Blocks.txt)
The numbers in the names of the encodings indicate the number of bits per code unit (for UTF encodings) or the number of bytes per code unit (for UCS encodings and UTF-1). UTF-8 and UTF-16 are the most commonly used encodings. UCS-2 is an obsolete subset of UTF-16; UCS-4 and UTF-32 are functionally equivalent. UTF encodings include:
The Unicode Standard encodes almost all standard characters used in mathematics. [1] Unicode Technical Report #25 provides comprehensive information about the character repertoire, their properties, and guidelines for implementation. [1]
Windows code pages are sets of characters or code pages (known as character encodings in other operating systems) used in Microsoft Windows from the 1980s and 1990s. Windows code pages were gradually superseded when Unicode was implemented in Windows, [citation needed] although they are still supported both within Windows and other platforms, and still apply when Alt code shortcuts are used.
Unicode characters can then be entered by holding down Alt, and typing + on the numeric keypad, followed by the hexadecimal code, and then releasing Alt. [2] This may not work for 5-digit hexadecimal codes like U+1F937. Some versions of Windows may require the digits 0-9 to be typed on the numeric keypad or require NumLock to be on. [citation ...