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  2. Sisyphus cooling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisyphus_cooling

    Sisyphus cooling can be achieved by shining two counter-propagating laser beams with orthogonal polarization onto an atom sample. Atoms moving through the potential landscape along the direction of the standing wave lose kinetic energy as they move to a potential maximum, at which point optical pumping moves them back to a lower energy state, thus lowering the total energy of the atom.

  3. Countercurrent multiplication - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countercurrent_multiplication

    A countercurrent mechanism system is a mechanism that expends energy to create a concentration gradient.. It is found widely in nature and especially in mammalian organs. For example, it can refer to the process that is underlying the process of urine concentration, that is, the production of hyperosmotic urine by the mammalian kidn

  4. Diffusiophoresis and diffusioosmosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusiophoresis_and_diff...

    This result is for a specific and very simple model, but it does illustrate general features of diffusioosmoisis: 1) the hydrostatic pressure is, by definition (flow induced by pressure gradients in the bulk is a common but separate physical phenomenon) uniform in the bulk, but there is a gradient in the pressure in the interface, 2) this ...

  5. Multicolumn countercurrent solvent gradient purification

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicolumn_countercurrent...

    The MCSGP process consists of several, at least two, chromatographic columns which are switched in position opposite to the flow direction. Most of the columns are equipped with a gradient pump to adjust the modifier concentration at the column inlet. Some columns are connected directly, so that non pure product streams are internally recycled.

  6. Marangoni effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marangoni_effect

    The surface tension gradient can be caused by concentration gradient or by a temperature gradient (surface tension is a function of temperature). In simple cases, the speed of the flow u ≈ Δ γ / μ {\displaystyle u\approx \Delta \gamma /\mu } , where Δ γ {\displaystyle \Delta \gamma } is the difference in surface tension and μ ...

  7. Flow injection analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_injection_analysis

    A sample is injected into a flowing carrier solution stream that is forced by a peristaltic pump. The injection of the sample is done under controlled dispersion in known volumes. The carrier solution and sample then meet at mixing points with reagents and react. The reaction time is controlled by a pump and reaction coil.

  8. Alternating Gradient Synchrotron - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Gradient...

    The Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) is a particle accelerator located at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in Long Island, New York, United States. The Alternating Gradient Synchrotron was built on the innovative concept of the alternating gradient, or strong-focusing principle , developed by Brookhaven physicists.

  9. Electrokinetic phenomena - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrokinetic_phenomena

    diffusiophoresis, as motion of particles under influence of a chemical potential gradient; capillary osmosis, as motion of liquid in porous body under influence of the chemical potential gradient; sedimentation potential, as electric field generated by sedimenting colloid particles;