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Radiation is often categorized as either ionizing or non-ionizing depending on the energy of the radiated particles. Ionizing radiation carries more than 10 electron volts (eV), which is enough to ionize atoms and molecules and break chemical bonds. This is an important distinction due to the large difference in harmfulness to living organisms.
Generally, electromagnetic radiation is classified by wavelength into radio wave, microwave, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays. The behavior of EM radiation depends on its wavelength. When EM radiation interacts with single atoms and molecules, its behavior also depends on the amount of energy per quantum (photon) it ...
The fact that the energy density of the box containing radiation is proportional to can be derived using thermodynamics. [ 32 ] [ 15 ] This derivation uses the relation between the radiation pressure p and the internal energy density u {\displaystyle u} , a relation that can be shown using the form of the electromagnetic stress–energy tensor .
In condensed matter physics, scintillation (/ ˈ s ɪ n t ɪ l eɪ ʃ ən / SIN-til-ay-shun) is the physical process where a material, called a scintillator, emits ultraviolet or visible light under excitation from high energy photons (X-rays or gamma rays) or energetic particles (such as electrons, alpha particles, neutrons, or ions).
Comparison of Rayleigh–Jeans law with Wien approximation and Planck's law, for a body of 5800 K temperature.. In physics, the Rayleigh–Jeans law is an approximation to the spectral radiance of electromagnetic radiation as a function of wavelength from a black body at a given temperature through classical arguments.
In radiometry, radiant exposure or fluence is the radiant energy received by a surface per unit area, or equivalently the irradiance of a surface, integrated over time of irradiation, and spectral exposure is the radiant exposure per unit frequency or wavelength, depending on whether the spectrum is taken as a function of frequency or of wavelength.
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The radiation emitted can be of several types including alpha, beta, gamma radiation, proton, and neutron emission along with neutrino and antiparticle emission decay pathways. 1. α (alpha) radiation —the emission of an alpha particle (which contains 2 protons and 2 neutrons) from an atomic nucleus .