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  2. Male gaze - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male_gaze

    [The male gaze] was formulated by people who knew nothing about the history of painting or sculpture, the history of the fine arts. [The male gaze] was an a priori theory: First there was feminist ideology, asserting that history is nothing but male oppression and female victimization, and then came this theory — the "victim" model of ...

  3. Gaze - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaze

    The concept of the "male gaze" was first used by the English art critic John Berger in Ways of Seeing, a series of films for the BBC aired in January 1972, and later a book, as part of his analysis of the treatment of the nude in European painting. Berger described the difference between how men and women view and are viewed in art and in society.

  4. Nude (art) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nude_(art)

    Women were depicted as passive, and they did not possess any control over their image. The female nude during the Renaissance was an image created by the male gaze. [68] In Jill Fields' article "Frontiers in Feminist Art History", Fields examines the feminist art movement and its assessment of female nude imagery.

  5. Susanna and the Elders in art - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna_and_the_Elders_in_art

    In the production of art, the conventions of artistic representation connect the objectification of a woman, by the male gaze, to the Lacanian theory of social alienation — the psychological splitting that occurs from seeing one's self as one is, and seeing one's self as an idealized representation.

  6. Oppositional gaze - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppositional_gaze

    The oppositional gaze is a term coined by bell hooks the 1992 essay The Oppositional Gaze: Black Female Spectators that refers to the power of looking. According to hooks, an oppositional gaze is a way that a Black person in a subordinate position communicates their status. hooks' essay is a work of feminist film theory that discusses the male gaze, Michel Foucault, and white feminism in film ...

  7. Exploitation of women in mass media - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploitation_of_women_in...

    According to Mulvey, the theory refers to the "to-be-looked-at-ness" of film. The male is the "carrier of the look," and the female is the "spectacle." Budd Boetticher summarizes the view of male gaze: "What counts is what the heroine provokes, or rather what she represents. She is the one, or rather the love or fear she inspires in the hero ...

  8. Female gaze - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_gaze

    The female gaze is a feminist theory term referring to the gaze of the female spectator, character or director of an artistic work, but more than the gender it is an issue of representing women as subjects having agency. As such, people of any gender can create films with a female gaze.

  9. Male as norm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male_as_norm

    The principle of male as norm holds that grammatical and lexical devices such as the use of the suffix-ess (as in actress) specifically indicating the female form, the use of man to mean "human", and similar means strengthen the perceptions that the male category is the norm, and that corresponding female categories are derivations and thus less important.