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  2. Tibetan Empire - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Empire

    The Tibetan Empire (Tibetan: བོད་ཆེན་པོ, Wylie: bod chen po, lit. ' Great Tibet '; Chinese: 吐蕃; pinyin: Tǔbō / Tǔfān) was an empire centered on the Tibetan Plateau, formed as a result of imperial expansion under the Yarlung dynasty heralded by its 33rd king, Songtsen Gampo, in the 7th century.

  3. Pentaglot Dictionary - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentaglot_Dictionary

    The Pentaglot Dictionary [1] [2] (Chinese: 御製五體清文鑑, Yuzhi Wuti Qing Wenjian; the term 清文, Qingwen, "Qing language", was another name for the Manchu language in Chinese), also known as the Manchu Polyglot Dictionary, [3] [4] was a dictionary of major imperial languages compiled in the late Qianlong era of the Qing dynasty (also said to be compiled in 1794).

  4. Songtsen Gampo - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo

    Songtsen Gampo [1] (Classical Tibetan: [sroŋpt͡san zɡampo], pronounced [sɔ́ŋt͡sɛ̃ ɡʌ̀mpo]) (Tibetan: སྲོང་བཙན་སྒམ་པོ, Wylie: srong btsan sgam po, ZYPY: Songzän Gambo; 569–649/650), also Songzan Ganbu (Chinese: 松贊干布; pinyin: Sōngzàn Gānbù), was the 33rd Tibetan king of the Yarlung dynasty and the founder of the Tibetan Empire.

  5. History of the Chinese language - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/.../History_of_the_Chinese_language

    The earliest historical linguistic evidence of the spoken Chinese language dates back approximately 4500 years, [1] while examples of the writing system that would become written Chinese are attested in a body of inscriptions made on bronze vessels and oracle bones during the Late Shang period (c. 1250 – 1050 BCE), [2] [3] with the very oldest dated to c. 1200 BCE.

  6. Tangut people - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangut_people

    Tangut women. The Tangut language, otherwise known as Fan, belongs to the Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Like many other Sino-Tibetan languages, it is a tonal language with predominantly mono-syllabic roots, but it shares certain grammatical traits central to the Tibeto-Burman branch.

  7. Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_(late_imperial...

    Mandarin (traditional Chinese: 官話; simplified Chinese: 官话; pinyin: Guānhuà; lit. 'official speech') was the common spoken language of administration of the Chinese empire during the Ming and Qing dynasties.

  8. Jin dynasty (1115–1234) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115–1234)

    It was common for Chinese translators at the time to use the final -n sound at the end of a Chinese character to transliterate -l, -r, -s, -z etc. at the end of a syllable in foreign words. The Jurchens' early rulers were the Khitan -led Liao dynasty , which had held sway over modern north and northeast China and the Mongolian Plateau , for ...

  9. Zhangzhung - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhangzhung

    Zhangzhung or Shangshung was an ancient kingdom in western and northwestern Tibet, existing from about 500 BCE to 625 CE, pre-dating Tibetan Buddhism.The Zhangzhung culture is associated with the Bon religion, which has influenced the philosophies and practices of Tibetan Buddhism.