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v. t. e. Qisas or Qiṣāṣ (Arabic: قِصَاص, romanized:Qiṣāṣ, lit. 'accountability, following up after, pursuing or prosecuting') is an Islamic term interpreted to mean "retaliation in kind", [ 1 ][ 2 ] " eye for an eye ", or retributive justice. Qisas and diyya are two of several forms of punishment in classical/traditional Islamic ...
Definitional retreat – changing the meaning of a word when an objection is raised. [22] Often paired with moving the goalposts (see below), as when an argument is challenged using a common definition of a term in the argument, and the arguer presents a different definition of the term and thereby demands different evidence to debunk the argument.
Izzat (Hindi: इज़्ज़त; Urdu: عزت; Bengali: ইজ্জত) is the concept of honour prevalent in the culture of North India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. [ 1 ] It applies universally across religions (Hindu, Muslim and Sikh), communities and genders. [ 2 ][ 3 ][ 4 ] Maintaining the reputation of oneself and one's family is part of ...
Apostasy in Islam (Arabic: ردة, romanized:ridda or ارتداد, irtidād) is commonly defined as the abandonment of Islam by a Muslim, in thought, word, or through deed. It includes not only explicit renunciations of the Islamic faith by converting to another religion [ 1 ] or abandoning religion, [ 1 ][ 2 ][ 3 ] but also blasphemy or ...
Enjoining good and forbidding wrong (Arabic: ٱلْأَمْرُ بِٱلْمَعْرُوفِ وَٱلنَّهْيُ عَنِ ٱلْمُنْكَرِ, romanized:al-amru bi-l-maʿrūfi wa-n-nahyu ʿani-l-munkari) are two important duties imposed by God in Islam as revealed in the Quran and Hadith. [ 1 ][ 2 ] "The term that best helps us to ...
A formal fallacy, deductive fallacy, logical fallacy or non sequitur (Latin for "it does not follow") is a flaw in the structure of a deductive argument that renders the argument invalid. The flaw can be expressed in the standard system of logic. [1] Such an argument is always considered to be wrong.
Another proposal is that people show confirmation bias because they are pragmatically assessing the costs of being wrong, rather than investigating in a neutral, scientific way. Flawed decisions due to confirmation bias have been found in a wide range of political, organizational, financial and scientific contexts.
The word is often used to refer to preconceived, usually unfavorable, judgments toward people or a person because of gender, political opinion, social class, age, disability, religion, sexuality, race/ethnicity, language, nationality, or other personal characteristics.