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Secular humanism focuses on the way human beings can lead happy and functional lives. It posits that human beings are capable of being ethical and moral without religion or God, it neither assumes humans to be inherently evil or innately good, nor presents humans as "above nature" or superior to it. Rather, the humanist life stance emphasizes ...
Émile Durkheim saw the social, not the instinctual side of mankind, as the key to their religious experience. [15]Theologians have questioned the utility of an approach to religion by way of a so-called instinct; [16] psychologists have disputed the existence of any such specific instinct; [17] while others would point to the advance of secularization in the modern world as refuting the ...
Historically, the words religious and spiritual have been used synonymously to describe all the various aspects of the concept of religion. [1] However, religion is a highly contested term with scholars such as Russell McCutcheon arguing that the term "religion" is used as a way to name a "seemingly distinct domain of diverse items of human activity and production". [6]
Irreligion is the absence or rejection of religious beliefs or practices.It encompasses a wide range of viewpoints drawn from various philosophical and intellectual perspectives, including atheism, agnosticism, religious skepticism, rationalism, secularism, and non-religious spirituality.
This rejection takes the form of the committing of a mortal sin without repentance. [28] This does not include original sin , since it is not an evil deed, since no one is predestined to hell, and since Feeneyism is the heresy that non-Catholics and excommunicated Catholics cannot be saved) [ 29 ] A sinner, once in hell, will inevitably refuse ...
Christian writers from Tertullian to Luther have held to traditional notions of Hell. However, the annihilationist position is not without some historical precedent. Early forms of annihilationism or conditional immortality are claimed to be found in the writings of Ignatius of Antioch [10] [20] (d. 108/140), Justin Martyr [21] [22] (d. 165), and Irenaeus [10] [23] (d. 202), among others.
In general, humans can survive for up to eight weeks without food, depending on stored body fat. [239] Survival without water is usually limited to three or four days, with a maximum of one week. [240] In 2020, it was estimated 9 million humans die every year from causes directly or indirectly related to starvation.
Without fabrication, there would not be enough stories to support the cynical worldview. Lastly, Bregman thinks this way of thinking about history and human agency can produce a nocebo effect whereby we doom ourselves to the very disaster we wish to prepare for, climate change activists being the chief example.