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Male contraceptives, also known as male birth control, are methods of preventing pregnancy by interrupting the function of sperm. [1] The main forms of male contraception available today are condoms , vasectomy , and withdrawal , which together represented 20% of global contraceptive use in 2019.
The effects of hormonal birth control on breast cancer risk have been studied for decades. Many studies over the years have shown that hormone-containing birth control options, specifically ...
The increase in breast cancer risk with estrogen and progestogen therapy was shown to be causal with conjugated estrogens plus medroxyprogesterone acetate in the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trials. [122] [155] Breast cancer risk with combined estrogen and progestogen therapy may differ depending on the progestogen used.
The relative risk was similar to that found for current or recent COCP users (RR 1.16), and, as with COCPs, the increased relative risk decreased over time after stopping, vanished after 10 years, and was consistent with being due to earlier diagnosis or promoting the growth of a preexisting cancer. [51] [52]
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The product — which contains testosterone and a synthetic hormone called Nestorone that reduces sperm production — is the most advanced among a crop of novel birth control options for men.
Staging breast cancer is the initial step to help physicians determine the most appropriate course of treatment. As of 2016, guidelines incorporated biologic factors, such as tumor grade, cellular proliferation rate, estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) expression, and gene expression profiling into the staging system.
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