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This corresponds to a total scientific energy gain of 0.7 and a capsule energy gain of 6. [14] While the experiment fell short of ignition as defined by the National Academy of Sciences – a total energy gain greater than one – most people working in the field viewed the experiment as the demonstration of ignition as defined by the Lawson ...
As originally formulated, the Lawson criterion gives a minimum required value for the product of the plasma (electron) density n e and the "energy confinement time" that leads to net energy output. Later analysis suggested that a more useful figure of merit is the triple product of density, confinement time, and plasma temperature T .
A fusion energy gain factor, usually expressed with the symbol Q, is the ratio of fusion power produced in a nuclear fusion reactor to the power required to maintain the plasma in steady state. The condition of Q = 1, when the power being released by the fusion reactions is equal to the required heating power, is referred to as breakeven , or ...
NIF achieved net energy gain [261] in 2013, as defined in the very limited sense as the hot spot at the core of the collapsed target, rather than the whole target. [262] In 2014, Phoenix Nuclear Labs sold a high-yield neutron generator that could sustain 5×10 11 deuterium fusion reactions per second over a 24-hour period. [263]
The conversion process can reach peak efficiencies of about 80 percent for a laser pulse that has a flat temporal shape, but the temporal shape needed for ignition varies significantly over the duration of the pulse. The actual conversion process is about 50 percent efficient, reducing delivered energy to a nominal 1.8 MJ. [43]
The JT-60 tokamak in Japan produced a high performance reversed shear plasma with the equivalent fusion amplification factor of 1.25 - the current world record of Q, fusion energy gain factor. Results of European-based study of heavy ion driven fusion power system (HIDIF, GSI-98-06) incorporates telescoping beams of multiple isotopic species.
In 1997, JET set the record of 16 megawatts of transient fusion power with a gain factor of Q = 0.62 and 4 megawatts steady state fusion power with Q = 0.18 for 4 seconds. [3] In 2021, JET sustained Q = 0.33 for 5 seconds and produced 59 megajoules of energy, beating the record 21.7 megajoules released in 1997 over around 4 seconds.
Both were built with the hope of reaching scientific breakeven where the "fusion energy gain factor" or Q = 1.0. [18] [6] [19] [20] JET achieved its first plasma on 25 June 1983. [14] It was officially opened on 9 April 1984 by Queen Elizabeth II. [21] On 9 November 1991, JET performed the world's first deuterium-tritium experiment. [22]