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Fertilization is the fusion of two gametes. [1] Copulation is the union of the sex organs of two sexually reproducing animals for insemination and subsequent internal fertilization. [2] Mating may also lead to external fertilization, as seen in amphibians, fishes and plants. For most species, mating is between two individuals of opposite sexes.
Sperm storage organs in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.Female was first mated with GFP-male and then re-mated with RFP-male. Female sperm storage is a biological process and often a type of sexual selection in which sperm cells transferred to a female during mating are temporarily retained within a specific part of the reproductive tract before the oocyte, or egg, is fertilized.
Sometimes, a zygote can be created by humans outside of the animal's body in the artificial process of in-vitro fertilization. After fertilization, the newly formed zygote then begins to divide through mitosis, forming an embryo, which implants in the female's endometrium. At this time, the embryo usually consists of 50 cells.
The mammalian female reproductive system contains three main divisions: the vagina and uterus, which act as the receptacle for the sperm, the ovaries, which produce the female's ova, and the vulva, which consists of the labia and clitoris. The vagina, uterus and ovaries are always internal while the vulva is external.
The biologist Thierry Lodé proposed (2001, 2012) five modes of reproduction based on the relationship between the zygote (fertilised egg) and the parents: [1] [2]. Ovuliparity: fertilisation is external, the oocytes being released into the environment and fertilised outside the body by the male. [1]
Animals have life cycles with a single diploid multicellular phase that produces haploid gametes directly by meiosis. Male gametes are called sperm, and female gametes are called eggs or ova. In animals, fertilization of the ovum by a sperm results in the formation of a diploid zygote that develops by repeated mitotic divisions into a diploid ...
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In animals, the process involves a sperm fusing with an ovum, which eventually leads to the development of an embryo. Depending on the animal species, the process can occur within the body of the female in internal fertilization, or outside in the case of external fertilization. The fertilized egg cell is known as the zygote. [2] [5]