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The most common emergencies were dental. For 100 British Polaris submarine missions, crew members required 30 fillings and 7 teeth extractions in total. [10] Dental problems have been the cause for a transfer at sea in the U.S. Polaris submarine program. [11] Extractions and fillings have also been required for missions in Antarctica. [12]
Glass ionomer cements act as sealants when pits and fissures in the tooth occur and release fluoride to prevent further enamel demineralisation and promote remineralisation. Fluoride can also hinder bacterial growth, by inhibiting their metabolism of ingested sugars in the diet. It does this by inhibiting various metabolic enzymes within the ...
In root canal treatment, for example, more Lidocaine is required than for a simple filling. [2] Other local anesthetic agents in current use include articaine (also called septocaine or Ubistesin), bupivacaine (a long-acting anesthetic), prilocaine (also called Citanest), and mepivacaine (also called Carbocaine or Polocaine). Different types of ...
It does not resorb, and is biocompatible, forming a seal against the tooth material that minimizes leakage. [1] Originally, MTA was dark gray in color, but white versions have been on the market since 2002. Bismuth oxide, which was added as a radioopacifier (to make the filling stand out on X-rays), [citation needed] can discolour the teeth. [3]
A fundamental step in overcoming this challenge is trying to understand the effects of long-term space travel on the human body. In October 2015, the NASA Office of Inspector General issued a health hazards report related to space exploration, including a human mission to Mars. [9] [10]
In Italy evidence dated to the Paleolithic, around 13,000 years ago, points to bitumen used to fill a tooth [2] and in Neolithic Slovenia, 6500 years ago, beeswax was used to close a fracture in a tooth. [3] Graeco-Roman literature, such as Pliny the Elder's Naturalis Historia (AD 23–79), contains references to filling materials for hollow ...
Some men's amalgam is good universally, and some men's gold is bad universally; the difference lies in the preparation of the tooth and in the plug (filling)." [40] More controversy came in 1872, when an amalgam filling was reported as the cause of death of a Nebraska middle-aged man, resulting in a public outcry against the use of amalgam. [41]
Heat and byproducts generated cannot damage the tooth or patient, since the reaction needs to take place while in contact with the tooth during restoration. This ultimately limits the strength of the materials, since harder materials need more energy to manipulate. The type of filling material used has a minor effect on how long they last.