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[42] [35] The four-iwan plan was already in use in palace and temple architecture during both the Parthian and Sasanian periods. [13] [19] The earliest known appearance of the four-iwan plan in Islamic architecture is at the dār al-imāra (governor's palace) in Kufa, as rebuilt by the Umayyad governor Ziyād ibn Abīh in the late 7th century. [34]
The mosque's interior has the usual four-iwan layout typical of this period: a central courtyard surrounded by iwans on four sides, with the southeastern iwan containing the mihrab niche that symbolizes the direction of prayer. Each iwan is framed by a large pointed horseshoe arch with alternating white and beige voussoirs.
The four-iwan plan already had roots in ancient Iranian architecture and has been found in some Parthian and Sasanian palaces. [24] Soon after or around the same time as the Seljuk work in Isfahan, it appeared in other mosques such as the Jameh Mosque of Zavareh (built circa 1135–1136) and the Jameh Mosque of Ardestan (renovated by a Seljuk ...
The four-iwan plan was introduced for the first time in Indo-Islamic architecture. [4] There is an iwan and a dome in the middle of each riwaq. The arches on each riwaq are approximately 3.7 metres (12 ft) high, and 5.0 metres (16.5 ft) wide, [3] There are about 45 rooms distributed in all the four sides of the mosque. The main hall is covered ...
Four large iwans were then erected around the courtyard around the early 12th century, giving rise to the four-iwan plan. [176] [177] [178] The four-iwan plan revolutionised the form and function of the mosques in the region and introduced new types of buildings involving madrasas and caravanserais which spread through Iran, Anatolia, and Syria ...
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The iwan does not allow getting inside the underlying construction supporting the dome; this can only be done from the sides. Two other domes associated with the iwans, more modest in size, face the center of the long sides of the courtyard. Thus the Bibi-Khanym Mosque implements the classic architectural type of the "four-iwan scheme". [17]
The Ghurids built the entire mosque using brick. [4] The layout is a typical 4-iwan plan with an interior courtyard and a water basin. The qibla orientation towards the west was adhered to, although this deviates from the correct direction to Mecca by about 20°. The main iwan was covered by vaults.