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Spironolactone can cause breast pain and breast enlargement in women. [128] [129] This is "probably because of estrogenic effects on target tissue." [111] At low doses, breast tenderness has been reported in only 5% of women, but at high doses, it has been reported in up to 40% of women.
Side effects often could not be unambiguously attributed to spironolactone due concomitant use of other medications, particularly birth control pills. Hyperkalemia was rare (14/469; 3.0%) and was "invariably mild and clinically insignificant". Risk of bias was high and quality of evidence was low to very low. Sources: [1]
Causes of edema that are generalized to the whole body can cause edema in multiple organs and peripherally. For example, severe heart failure can cause pulmonary edema, pleural effusions, ascites and peripheral edema. Such severe systemic edema is called anasarca. In rare cases, a parvovirus B19 infection may cause generalized edemas. [9]
What causes lower left abdominal pain? Lower left abdominal pain can have many causes, ranging from minor to serious, says Andrew Boxer, M.D., gastroenterologist of Gastroenterology Associates of ...
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The lower left abdomen pain in this case can initially be described as a mild discomfort and is typically first connected with constipation. But after 24-48 hours, it may become more severe, sharp ...
[30] [70] [71] [72] Although spironolactone is said to be a relatively weak inhibitor of 17α-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase, [73] [30] at least compared to more potent steroidogenesis inhibitors like ketoconazole and abiraterone acetate (which can reduce testosterone concentrations to castrate levels), this action may contribute to a significant ...
Eplerenone is a newer drug that was developed as a spironolactone analog with reduced adverse effects. In addition to the y-lactone ring and the substituent on C-7, eplerenone has a 9α,11α-epoxy group. This group is believed to be the reason why eplerenone has a 20-40-fold lower affinity for the mineralocorticoid receptor than spironolactone. [7]