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Although Islam does not recognize any castes (only socio-economic classes), [9] existing divisions in Persia and India were adopted by local Muslim societies. Evidence of social stratification exists in later Persian works such as Nizam al-Mulk's 11th-century Siyasatnama, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi's 13th-century Akhlaq-i Nasiri, and the 17th-century Jam-i-Mufidi.
The United Arab States was a short-lived confederation of the United Arab Republic (Egypt and Syria) and North Yemen from 1958 to 1961. [15]The title of the book refers to Arabs without using the definite article "the" (Arabs instead of the Arabs) because, according to the author, the meaning of the word has repeatedly changed over time, making it "misleading" to use. [16]
The general consensus among 14th-century Arab genealogists is that Arabs are of three kinds: . Al-Arab al-Ba'ida (Arabic: العرب البائدة), "The Extinct Arabs", were an ancient group of tribes in pre-Islamic Arabia that included the ‘Ād, the Thamud, the Tasm and the Jadis, thelaq (who included branches of Banu al-Samayda), and others.
Banu Qainuqa — most powerful of all the Jewish tribes of the peninsula before Islam [6] [5] [2] Banu Quda'a — Himyarite tribe of converts to Sadducee Judaism [7] Banu Qurayza — sub-clan of the al-Kāhinān, located in Yathrib, "principal family" fled Syria under Ghassanid rule, then fled Medina, after expulsion by Muhammed, back to Syria
It notes that when the Jews of Medina refused to convert to Islam, two major Jewish tribes were expelled by Muhammad's followers. In 627, between 600-900 Jewish men were killed and the surviving women and children were divided among Muhammad's followers, after the Jewish tribes rejected Muhammad's authority.
The study, however, found that they shared a significant portion of genetic drift with MA-1, a 24,000 year-old Paleolithic Siberian hunter-gatherer fossil and the Yamnaya culture. The researchers thus believe they may be a drifted Ancient Northern Eurasian stock from which some of the modern European and Middle Eastern population also descends.
The Islamic prophet Muhammad belonged to the Quraysh tribe of the 'Adnanites'. [ 2 ] According to the Arab tradition, the Adnanites are the Northern Arabs , unlike the Qahtanite Arabs of southern Arabia , who are descended from Qahtan , son of the Islamic prophet Hūdʿ .
Among the sons of Qahtan are noteworthy figures like A'zaal (believed by Arabs to have been the original name of Sana'a), Hadhramaut and Jurhum whose descendants formed the second Jurhum tribe from which Ishmael learned Arabic. [12] [13] [14] Another son is Ya'rub, and his son Yashjub is the father of Saba'.