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Historically, the Twelver doctrine of taqiyya was developed by Muhammad al-Baqir (d. c. 732), the fifth of the twelve imams, [46] [47] [48] and later by his successor, Ja'far al-Sadiq (d. 765). [49] At the time, this doctrine was likely intended for the survival of Shia imams and their followers, for they were being brutally molested and ...
Islam [a] is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the Quran, [9] and the teachings of Muhammad. [10] Adherents of Islam are called Muslims, who are estimated to number 1.9 billion worldwide and are the world's second-largest religious population after Christians.
The history of Islam is believed by most historians [1] to have originated with Muhammad's mission in Mecca and Medina at the start of the 7th century CE, [2] [3] although Muslims regard this time as a return to the original faith passed down by the Abrahamic prophets, such as Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, David, Solomon, and Jesus, with the submission (Islām) to the will of God.
Various sources of Islamic Laws are used by Islamic jurisprudence to elaborate the body of Islamic law. [1] In Sunni Islam, the scriptural sources of traditional jurisprudence are the Holy Qur'an, believed by Muslims to be the direct and unaltered word of God, and the Sunnah, consisting of words and actions attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the hadith literature.
Ragep, F. Jamil (1994). "An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines: Conceptions of Nature and Methods Used for Its Study by the Ikhwan al-Safa, al-Biruni, and Ibn Sina". Isis. 85 (3). University of Chicago Press: 504–505. doi:10.1086/356912. ISSN 0021-1753. Clarke, Peter B. (1980). "An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines".
Walter Patton for instance, claims that while partisans might have made political capital out of the public adoption of the doctrine, al-Ma’mun's intention was “primarily to effect a religious reform.” [22] Nawas on the other hand, argues that the doctrine of createdness was a “pseudo-issue,” insisting that its promulgation was ...
George Sale (1697–1736) was a British Orientalist scholar and practising solicitor, best known for his 1734 translation of the Quran into English. In 1748, after having read Sale's translation, [1] Voltaire wrote his own essay "De l'Alcoran et de Mahomet" ("On the Quran and on Mohammed").