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After authentication, and if the configuration file permits the user access, the system invokes the requested command. sudo retains the user's invocation rights through a grace period (typically 5 minutes) per pseudo terminal, allowing the user to execute several successive commands as the requested user without having to provide a password again.
It appears as a block device, which can be used to back file systems, swap or as an LVM physical volume. Some Linux distributions support the use of dm-crypt on the root file system. These distributions use initrd to prompt the user to enter a passphrase at the console, or insert a smart card prior to the normal boot process. [3]
Some OSes, such as macOS and some Linux distributions (most notably Ubuntu [6]), automatically give the initial user created the ability to run as root via sudo – but this is configured to ask them for their password before doing administrative actions. In some cases the actual root account is disabled by default, so it can't be directly used ...
A NIS/YP system maintains and distributes a central directory of user and group information, hostnames, e-mail aliases and other text-based tables of information in a computer network. For example, in a common UNIX environment, the list of users for identification is placed in /etc/passwd and secret authentication hashes in /etc/shadow .
Directory Description / Primary hierarchy root and root directory of the entire file system hierarchy. /bin: Essential command binaries that need to be available in single-user mode, including to bring up the system or repair it, [3] for all users (e.g., cat, ls, cp).
The password file maps textual user names to UIDs. UIDs are stored in the inodes of the Unix file system , running processes, tar archives, and the now-obsolete Network Information Service. In POSIX -compliant environments, the shell command id gives the current user's UID, as well as more information such as the user name, primary user group ...
Secure Shell (SSH) is a protocol allowing secure remote login to a computer on a network using public-key cryptography.SSH client programs (such as ssh from OpenSSH) typically run for the duration of a remote login session and are configured to look for the user's private key in a file in the user's home directory (e.g., .ssh/id_rsa).
strings — Display printable strings in a binary file; su — Switch user, prompting for password of new user when not run as root. swapoff — Disable swapping on a given swapregion. swapon — Enable swapping on a given device/file. switch root — Use from PID 1 under initramfs to free initramfs, chroot to NEW_ROOT, and exec NEW_INIT.