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Hawkins–Kennedy test: a positive test indicates shoulder impingement syndrome; Empty beer can test: a positive test indicates rotator cuff tear, specifically, supraspinatus muscle tear; Drop arm test: a positive test indicates a supraspinatus tear; External Rotation test: a positive test indicates an infraspinatus or teres minor tear
The infraspinatus is the main external rotator of the shoulder. When the arm is fixed, it adducts the inferior angle of the scapula. Its synergists are teres minor and the deltoid. [4] The infraspinatus and teres minor rotate the head of the humerus outward (external, or lateral, rotation); they also assist in carrying the arm backward. [1]
Impingement of the shoulder was previously thought to be precipitated by shoulder abduction and surgical intervention focused on lateral or total acromionectomy. [4] [25] In 1972, Charles Neer proposed that impingement was due to the anterior third of the acromion and the coracoacromial ligament and suggested surgery should be focused on these ...
With 120 degrees of unassisted flexion, the shoulder joint is the most mobile joint in the body. Animation of the shoulder joint. The muscles shown are subscapularis muscle (at right), infraspinatus muscle (at top left), teres minor muscle (at bottom left)
With this test, the strength of external rotators of the shoulders are examined, including the infraspinatus and teres minor muscles. [30] Patients are instructed to keep their forearms bent at right angles while holding their arms at their sides. Resistance will be applied on patients while the patient rotates their shoulders.
In addition to stabilizing the glenohumeral joint and controlling humeral head translation, the rotator cuff muscles also perform multiple functions, including abduction, internal rotation, and external rotation of the shoulder. The infraspinatus and subscapularis have significant roles in scapular plane shoulder abduction , generating forces ...
The glenohumeral joint, to which the term "shoulder joint" commonly refers, is a ball-and-socket joint that allows the arm to rotate in a circular fashion or to hinge out and up away from the body. The "ball" is the top, rounded portion of the upper arm bone or humerus; the "socket," or glenoid , is a dish-shaped part of the outer edge of the ...
The Gerber Lift-off test is the established clinical test for examination of the subscapularis. [3] The bear hug test (internal rotation while palm is held on opposite shoulder and elbow is held in a position of maximal anterior translation) for subscapularis muscle tears has high sensitivity.