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Throughout the 20th Century, racial discrimination was deliberate and intentional. Today, racial segregation and division result from policies and institutions that are no longer explicitly designed to discriminate. Yet the outcomes of those policies and beliefs have negative, racial impacts, namely with segregation. [160]
This era is sometimes referred to as the nadir of American race relations because racism, segregation, racial discrimination, and expressions of white supremacy all increased. So did anti-Black violence, including race riots such as the Atlanta race riot of 1906, the Elaine massacre of 1919, the Tulsa race massacre of 1921, the Perry massacre ...
Redlining is part of how white communities in America maintained some level of racial segregation. It is the practice of denying or increasing the cost of services, such as mortgages, banking, insurance, access to jobs, [ 136 ] access to health care, or even supermarkets [ 137 ] to residents in certain, often racially determined, [ 138 ] areas.
Such continuing racial segregation was also supported by the successful Lily-white movement. [6] In practice, Jim Crow laws mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the states of the former Confederate States of America and in some others, beginning in the 1870s.
In 2019, 169 out of 209 metropolitan regions in the U.S. were more segregated than in 1990, a new analysis finds
The Civil Rights Act of 1964: An End to Racial Segregation (2007). Lands, LeeAnn, "A City Divided", Southern Spaces, December 29, 2009. Levy, Alan Howard. Tackling Jim Crow: Racial Segregation in Professional Football (2003). Massey, Douglas S., and Nancy Denton. American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass (1993)
Nearly 51 million students are enrolled in America’s public schools, but the system is far from equal. Segregationist policies, like school funding based on property values, are impeding the ...
The nadir of American race relations was the period in African-American history and the history of the United States from the end of Reconstruction in 1877 through the early 20th century, when racism in the country, and particularly anti-black racism, was more open and pronounced than it had ever been during any other period in the nation's history.