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The mosque's interior has the usual four-iwan layout typical of this period: a central courtyard surrounded by iwans on four sides, with the southeastern iwan containing the mihrab niche that symbolizes the direction of prayer. Each iwan is framed by a large pointed horseshoe arch with alternating white and beige voussoirs.
The four-iwan plan (cruciform) is one of the most characteristic floor plans of Islamic architecture, [34] [40] consisting of four iwans arranged around a central square or rectangular courtyard (durqāʿa or ṣaḥn), with the iwans aligned with the central axes of the courtyard.
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The Ghurids built the entire mosque using brick. [4] The layout is a typical 4-iwan plan with an interior courtyard and a water basin. The qibla orientation towards the west was adhered to, although this deviates from the correct direction to Mecca by about 20°. The main iwan was covered by vaults.
The four-iwan plan was introduced for the first time in Indo-Islamic architecture. [4] There is an iwan and a dome in the middle of each riwaq. The arches on each riwaq are approximately 3.7 metres (12 ft) high, and 5.0 metres (16.5 ft) wide, [3] There are about 45 rooms distributed in all the four sides of the mosque. The main hall is covered ...
The iwan does not allow getting inside the underlying construction supporting the dome; this can only be done from the sides. Two other domes associated with the iwans, more modest in size, face the center of the long sides of the courtyard. Thus the Bibi-Khanym Mosque implements the classic architectural type of the "four-iwan scheme". [17]
An iwan in the Jameh Mosque of Isfahan. An iwan is a hall that is walled on three sides and open on one side. [71] [72] It is typically covered by a vault although this can vary. [72] This feature was present in Sasanian architecture, though its exact origins are older and still debated. [72] It was later incorporated into Islamic architecture.
In its place, the Mosque-Madrasa of al-Asifyah was established and connected to the Madrasa. [13] In 1534, the Ottoman Turks seized control, maintaining a stable reign until the British accession in the early 20th century. During the late 18th to early 20th century, al-Mustansiriyya Madrasa was used largely for military purposes such as serving ...