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The four-iwan plan already had roots in ancient Iranian architecture and has been found in some Parthian and Sasanian palaces. [24] Soon after or around the same time as the Seljuk work in Isfahan, it appeared in other mosques such as the Jameh Mosque of Zavareh (built circa 1135–1136) and the Jameh Mosque of Ardestan (renovated by a Seljuk ...
The mosque's interior has the usual four-iwan layout typical of this period: a central courtyard surrounded by iwans on four sides, with the southeastern iwan containing the mihrab niche that symbolizes the direction of prayer. Each iwan is framed by a large pointed horseshoe arch with alternating white and beige voussoirs.
The four-iwan plan was introduced for the first time in Indo-Islamic architecture. [4] There is an iwan and a dome in the middle of each riwaq. The arches on each riwaq are approximately 3.7 metres (12 ft) high, and 5.0 metres (16.5 ft) wide, [3] There are about 45 rooms distributed in all the four sides of the mosque. The main hall is covered ...
The Ghurids built the entire mosque using brick. [4] The layout is a typical 4-iwan plan with an interior courtyard and a water basin. The qibla orientation towards the west was adhered to, although this deviates from the correct direction to Mecca by about 20°. The main iwan was covered by vaults.
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Among other developments, during the Mamluk period the cruciform or four-iwan floor plan was adopted for madrasas and became more common for new monumental complexes than the traditional hypostyle mosque, although the vaulted iwans of the early period were replaced with flat-roofed iwans in the later period.
The iwan does not allow getting inside the underlying construction supporting the dome; this can only be done from the sides. Two other domes associated with the iwans, more modest in size, face the center of the long sides of the courtyard. Thus the Bibi-Khanym Mosque implements the classic architectural type of the "four-iwan scheme". [17]
Nowadays, the mosque is located in the middle of an urban square. It has a rectangular plan and no other building is attached to it. Three exterior walls have a designed facade, but not the south-front. [5] The mosque has a four-iwan plan and includes an entrance in the north, a shabestan in the south, porches in the east and west.