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Hyperammonemia, or high ammonia levels, is a metabolic disturbance characterised by an excess of ammonia in the blood. Severe hyperammonemia is a dangerous condition that may lead to brain injury and death. It may be primary or secondary. Ammonia is a substance that contains nitrogen. It is a product of the catabolism of protein.
Males with mild cognitive impairment tend to show more microstructural damage than females with MCI, but seem to have a greater cognitive reserve due to larger absolute brain size and neuronal density. As a result, women tend to manifest symptoms of cognitive decline at lower thresholds than men do. [107] This effect seems to be moderated by ...
Brain size is known to differ between men and women, for example (men on average have larger bodies than women), but without well documented differences in IQ. [46] A 2017 study found that the brains of women have a higher density of grey matter , which could compensate for the loss of volume.
The plaques are highly variable in shape and size; in tissue sections immunostained for Aβ, they comprise a log-normal size distribution curve, with an average plaque area of 400-450 square micrometers (μm 2). The smallest plaques (less than 200 μm 2), which often consist of diffuse deposits of Aβ, [4] are particularly numerous. [6]
[citation needed] There is a positive correlation between early life education and memory gains in older age. This effect is especially significant in women. [16] In particular, associative learning, which is another type of episodic memory, is vulnerable to the effects of aging, and this has been demonstrated across various study paradigms. [17]
The resultant effect of this toxicity can be reduced brain energy metabolism and function. Importantly, the toxic effects of ammonia on astrocyte remodeling can be reduced through administration of L-carnitine. [89] This astrocyte remodeling appears to be mediated through ammonia-induced mitochondrial permeability transition.
Spontaneous deamination of 5-methylcytosine results in thymine and ammonia. This is the most common single nucleotide mutation. In DNA, this reaction, if detected prior to passage of the replication fork, can be corrected by the enzyme thymine-DNA glycosylase, which removes the thymine base in a G/T mismatch. This leaves an abasic site that is ...
[4] [14] GS, in the brain, is found primarily in astrocytes. [15] Astrocytes protect neurons against excitotoxicity by taking up excess ammonia and glutamate. [14] In hyperammonemic environments (high levels of ammonia), astroglial swelling occurs. [14] [16] [17] Different perspectives have approached the problem of astroglial swelling.